“…Unlike with the polymers, where the biofouling layer has to be removed to recover the elements of interest, this layer is functionally indistinguishable from the materials, especially if suitably encapsulated. While biomaterials has not been subject to a full scale attempt for the extraction of uranium from seawater previously, some data is available from leach and tailing mining environments, where attempts have been made to decontaminate ground or surface waters with a number of substances, or aimed at elements other than uranium (Ramamoorthy, et al, 1969 [25]; El-Sheikh, 2016 [26]; Tang, et al, 2013 [27]; Diallo, et al, 2015 [28]; Gondhalekar & Shukla, 2014 [29]; Satari & Karimi, 2018 [30]). These tests are generally based on testing the sorption isotherm of the material, most commonly in conjunction with a simulated liquid phase.…”