Direct analysis of trace levels of metal ions in environmental and biological samples is rather difficult using conventional analytical techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) because of very low concentrations of these metal ions and matrix interferences [1,2]. However, this technique also presents desirable characteristics such as operational facilities, good selectivity, and low cost. In spite of high sensitivities obtained by ICP-OES and ICP-MS, these techniques are relatively expensive and present limitations related to the concomitants such as high dissolved solid contents of samples [3,4]. Therefore, sample preconcentration is becoming an essential treatment step before flame atomic absorption determination [5,6].The widely used analytical techniques for the separation and preconcentration of metal ions include solid-phase extraction [7][8][9][10][11][12], liquid-liquid extraction [13,14], coprecipitation [15], ion-exchange [16,17], and chelating resins [18]. Solid-phase extraction of heavy metal ions for prePol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 5 (2015), 1903-1910 Original Research . The proposed procedure was applied for the determination of metal ions in river water, drinking water, and mushrooms. The accuracy of the developed procedure was tested by analyzing NRCC-SLRS4 riverine water and SRM1570a spinach leaves as the certified reference materials.
Biosorption of Cd