Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of the Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions removal from water by Duolite C206A

Sodium benzyl sulfonate functionalized-bentonite as a novel adsorbent for water softening process

“…The AS-BEN was washed with ethanol and water several times and dried at 80°C overnight. 7,8 Finally, the dried AS-BEN was dispersed in 10 mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution and kept at ambient temperature for 24 h to obtain SBSB adsorbent.…”

“…1,2 Various methods are used to remove calcium and magnesium ions to reduce water hardness, including chemical precipitation, 3 microfiltration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration, 4,5 reverse osmosis, 6 electrodeionization, 7 adsorption and ion exchange. 8 Among the above-mentioned processes, ion exchange and adsorption approaches are the most important methods for the removal of heavy metals and reducing water hardness. 9,10 The exchange environment has various forms, including natural materials such as sodium chloride salt and zeolites to artificial industrial resins.…”

Application of Ion Exchange Method on Removal of The Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and SO42- Salt Solution

“…, the improvement of the quality of salt by ion exchange method is carried out by 3 stages of process, namely the process of salt dissolution, ion exchanger, and crystallization . This process is a chemical processes (ion exchanger), positive ions (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , K + and Na + ) which are in the salt solution will be exchanged with hydrogen (H + or Na + ) ions in the ion exchange medium (cationic resin) and the negative ions (Cl -, and SO4 2-) will be exchanged with hydroxide ions (OH -) which are in the ion exchange medium (anion resin) [6,7,8]. The ion exchange mechanisms are as follows [9].…”