Equilibrium kinetics of lysozyme crystallization under an external electric field

Recent Insights into the Crystallization Process; Protein Crystal Nucleation and Growth Peculiarities; Processes in the Presence of Electric Fields

“…EFs Affect Protein Crystal Number Density and Improve the Quality of the Crystals Grown Initially, EFs have been applied externally (e.g. [4,5,39]); that is to say, no contact between the electrodes and the solution. Systematic studies on the effect of a static EF have been carried out first by the Aubry's group [4].…”

“…When the voltage is higher than 1000 V, the drop starts to move towards the cathode. Subsequently, Aubry and coworkers [5] have measured directly protein concentration changes appearing upon application of an external EF and lead to a concentration gradient between the electrodes, the highest HEWL-concentration being observed near the cathode. This increased local supersaturation explains why EF affects protein crystallization.…”

“…Related to these approaches is also the study of external physical factors, such as magnetic and electric fields (EFs); proper crystallization conditions can be fine-tuned using variation of both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) EFs. Pioneered by Aubry's group [4,5] some 20 years ago, protein crystallization under EF attracts an increasing attention, becoming a mature scientific branch today. Major contributions in this research field have been made by the teams of Moreno [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], Koizumi [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], Veesler [30][31][32][33], etc.…”

A Graphene-Based Microfluidic Platform for Electrocrystallization and In Situ X-ray Diffraction

“…Electrocrystallization platforms have been reported for a variety of crystallization schemes, including batch [6][7][8][9][10][11][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], vapor diffusion [5,[13][14][15][16], and counter-diffusion [21], taking advantage of both internal [6,7,[12][13][14][19][20][21][22] and external electric fields [5,[8][9][10]15,18,23]. These strategies have also explored the effects of constant (DC) [5][6][7][13][14][15][16][17][20][21][22] and alternating (AC) electric fields [8][9][10]...…”

“…These strategies have also explored the effects of constant (DC) [5][6][7][13][14][15][16][17][20][21][22] and alternating (AC) electric fields [8][9][10][11][12][16][17][18]. However, the benefits observed for the various electrode arrangements and crystallization setups reported to date have been limited by the need to manually harvest crystals for subsequent diffraction analysis.…”