Equine arteritis virus

Balasuriya, Udeni B. R.; Go, Yun Young; Maclachlan, Nigel J

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015

Cited by 84 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 249 publications

(419 reference statements)

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“…Arteriviruses are a family of enveloped RNA viruses comprising the prototype member equine arteritis virus (EAV) 2 ; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the main pathogen in the pork industry; and lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus of mice (1,2). Only very limited information is available on the structure and membrane topology of the glycoprotein complex Gp2/3/4, which is required for cell entry (3,4) via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Co-translational Processing of Glycoprotein 3 from Equine Arteritis Virus

Matczuk

Kunec

Veit

2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: N-Glycosylation and signal peptide cleavage are co-translational modifications of membrane proteins. Results: Attachment of carbohydrates adjacent to a potentially cleavable signal peptide inhibits its processing in a glycoprotein from an arterivirus. Conclusion: Glycosylation occurs prior to signal peptide cleavage, contrary to other proteins analyzed in this regard. Significance: A similar processing scheme might exist for some cellular proteins.

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confidence: 99%

Co-translational Processing of Glycoprotein 3 from Equine Arteritis Virus

Matczuk

Kunec

Veit

2013

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…The strategy employed by EAV to successfully evade host immune surveillance has yet to be determined. Since the carrier stallion plays a pivotal role in the epidemiology of EAV and constitutes the main challenge for its control and potential eradication (1,5,11,12,20), it is important to fully understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract. Here, we investigated the antibody responses in short-and long-term persistently infected stallions following experimental EAV infection with a specific emphasis on the mucosal antibody response to aid in the understanding of the host immune factors involved in EAV persistence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serum samples were heat inactivated at 56°C for 30 min, aliquoted, and stored at Ϫ20°C until tested. Semen samples were collected using an artificial vagina during the acute phase and after clinical recovery, specifically, at Ϫ30 (prechallenge), 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,23,30,44,65,86,107,128,149,170,198,226,254,282,317,345,380,407,448,462,476,497,548,701, and 726 (preeuthanasia) dpi, for the purpose of monitoring viral persistence. Semen samples were processed as previously described (17,40).…”

Section: Cells and Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that host genetics are implicated in the outcome of infection (i.e., the short-or long-term carrier state) in the stallion (22,23). Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir for EAV and, thus, play a key epidemiological role, as they ensure the maintenance and perpetuation of the virus in equine populations between breeding seasons (1,11,12). Moreover, they constitute a source of viral genetic and antigenic variability that can lead to the emergence of novel variants of the virus (19,(24)(25)(26)(27); B. Nam, Z. Mekuria, M. Carossino, G. Li, Y. Zheng, J. Zhang, R. F. Cook, J. R. Campos, K. M. Shuck, E. Bailey, P. J. Timoney, and U.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

Carossino

Wagner

Loynachan

et al. 2017

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the ability to establish persistent infection in the reproductive tract of the stallion (carrier) and is continuously shed in its semen. We have recently demonstrated that EAV persists within stromal cells and a subset of lymphocytes in the stallion accessory sex glands in the presence of a significant local inflammatory response. In the present study, we demonstrated that EAV elicits a mucosal antibody response in the reproductive tract during persistent infection with homing of plasma cells into accessory sex glands. The EAV-specific immunoglobulin isotypes in seminal plasma included IgA, IgG1, IgG3/5, and IgG4/7. Interestingly, seminal plasma IgG1 and IgG4/7 possessed virus-neutralizing activity, while seminal plasma IgA and IgG3/5 did not. However, virus-neutralizing IgG1 and IgG4/7 in seminal plasma were not effective in preventing viral infectivity. In addition, the serological response was primarily mediated by virus-specific IgM and IgG1, while virus-specific serum IgA, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgG6 isotype responses were not detected. This is the first report characterizing the immunoglobulin isotypes in equine serum and seminal plasma in response to EAV infection. The findings presented herein suggest that while a broader immunoglobulin isotype diversity is elicited in seminal plasma, EAV has the ability to persist in the reproductive tract, in spite of local mucosal antibody and inflammatory responses. This study provides further evidence that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms during persistence in the reproductive tract that warrant further investigation.

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“…Although the amino acid substitutions of the 2010 EAV Argentinian isolate related to a high-or mediumvirulence strain, analysis of strain virulence is more complex; GP5 analysis alone provides an approximation, but analysis of other structural and nonstructural proteins is required. Further, host genetic factors such as the haplotype of the equine could determine resistance or susceptibility to EAV infection and thus influence the capability of the virus to generate clinical signs (24).…”

Section: Fig 2 Alignment Of Deduced Amino Acids For Partial Gp5 Sequmentioning

confidence: 99%

The equine arteritis virus isolate from the 2010 Argentinian outbreak

Metz¹,

Serena²,

Panei³

et al. 2014

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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SummaryA semen sample from a stallion infected during the 2010 equine arteritis virus (EAV) outbreak was received for viral isolation prior to castration of the animal. The virus was identified using a polyclonal antibody immunofluorescence test. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify a region of the GP5 gene with primers GL105F and GL673R. The PCR products were purified and sequences of both strands were determined in a MegaBACE ™ 1000 with inner primers CR2 and EAV32. A phylogenetic dataset was built with the previously reported sequences of five strains isolated in Argentina, together with a group of selected sequences obtained from GenBank. The unrooted neighbourjoining tree was constructed using molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) and bootstrap analyses were conducted using 1,000 replicate datasets. Evolutionary distances were computed using the maximum composite likelihood method. A NetNGlyc server analysis at the Technical University of Denmark (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc/) was used to predict N-glycosylation in GP5 sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the new strain (GLD-LP-ARG), together with other strains previously isolated, belongs to the European group EU-1 but in a different branch. The new strain shows 99% nucleotide identity with strain A1 and 98.1% with the Belgian strain 08P178. Persistently infected stallions and their cryopreserved semen constitute a reservoir of EAV, which ensures its persistence in the horse population around the world. These findings reinforce the importance of careful monitoring of persistently infected stallions, as well as semen straws, by RT-PCR or test mating, in accordance with national regulations.

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Equine arteritis virus

Cited by 84 publications

References 249 publications

Co-translational Processing of Glycoprotein 3 from Equine Arteritis Virus

Co-translational Processing of Glycoprotein 3 from Equine Arteritis Virus

Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions

The equine arteritis virus isolate from the 2010 Argentinian outbreak

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