Equine Endurance Race Pacing Strategy and Performance in 120-km Single-Day Races

Marlin, D. J.; Williams, Jane

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2018.03.013

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Elimination risk seems to be a result of multiple factors; therefore, confounder adjustment is indispensable. Other risk factors not included in confounder adjustment may include venue-and environment-related aspects, riding strategy, age, or high running speeds [44,[80][81][82].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

Bollinger

Bartel

Weber

et al. 2023

Animals

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High elimination rates and concerns for horse welfare are important issues in endurance riding. Improved understanding of the causes of elimination could increase completion rates in this sport. We have identified pre-ride laboratory risk factors that enable an assessment of potential elimination before the ride. A longitudinal cohort study was performed among 49 healthy horses competing in the 160 km endurance ride at the 2016 World Championship of Endurance Riding in Samorin/Slovakia. Blood samples were taken before the event. For statistical evaluation, horses were categorized into three groups: finishers, lame horses, and metabolically eliminated horses. Risk factors were calculated for each group using multinominal logistic regression. δ-Aminolevulinic-dehydratase (ALAD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), iron, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured and did not show an impact on the race outcome, but elevated pre-ride superoxide dismutase (SOD) was shown to have an effect on lameness elimination (p = 0.011). It might serve as an indicator for withdrawing horses at risk of later elimination before endurance rides, ultimately resulting in lower elimination rates and an increase in overall horse welfare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

Bollinger

Bartel

Weber

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…23 Separately, pacing strategy has been found to be a contributory aspect of successful completion in endurance. 24,25 In endurance, 'success' means to safely complete the course and pass the final veterinary examination. In comparison, in eventing, different stakeholders may have different definitions of 'success'.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with safe completion of Fédération Equestre Internationale eventing cross‐country (2008–2018)

Bennet,

Cameron‐Whytock,

Parkin

2023

Equine Veterinary Journal

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BackgroundEquestrian eventing involves competing in three phases: dressage, jumping, and cross‐country. Competitors are ranked by number of penalties accrued—with those who have fewer penalties ranked higher. Completing the cross‐country phase with zero obstacle penalties is commonly referred to as ‘running clear’. Understanding factors associated with running clear can help athletes plan strategically for success, while also helping governing bodies to refine qualification criteria for elite levels.ObjectivesThis study was carried out to identify factors associated with running clear in the cross‐country phase of Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) eventing.Study designRetrospective cohort study of 107 348 horse starts worldwide in all FEI competitions between January 2008 and December 2018.MethodsMultivariable logistic regression models constructed stepwise using a bi‐directional process. Two study cohorts were assessed: a complete cohort that met all inclusion requirements and separately, a cohort that included only horses starting at the level above their previous start.ResultsSixteen factors were associated with running clear. Factors associated with increased likelihood of doing so included lower event level, lower dressage score earlier in the event, fewer recent FEI event starts, and more clear runs in their previous three FEI events. For horses that had stepped up an event level, 14 of these factors were still associated with running clear.Main limitationsData available covered only FEI events, no national federation competitions were available for inclusion in horse histories. No prior veterinary information or data on training were available.ConclusionsThis study provides a framework that allows stakeholders to potentially better understand the appropriate level of competition for any particular horse/rider combination, given the combination's recent history. This could provide an additional direct benefit in terms of safety by reducing the likelihood of a combination falling during cross‐country.

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“…Other risk factors for elimination may include venue-and environment-related aspects (15), riding strategy (16), or high running speeds (17). Fielding et al found breeds like Appaloosas or Quarter horses to have a higher risk of elimination compared to Arabians and crossbreeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age and Hydration of Competing Horses Influence the Outcome of Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

et al. 2021

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High elimination rates and the concern for horse welfare are important issues in endurance riding. An improved understanding of the causes of elimination could increase completion rates in this sport. We have identified pre-ride risk factors that allow an assessment of potential elimination before the ride. A longitudinal cohort study was performed among 49 healthy horses competing in the 160 km endurance ride at the 2016 World Championship of Endurance Riding in Samorin/Slovakia. Blood samples were drawn before the ride. For statistical evaluation, horses were categorized in three groups: finishers, lame and metabolically eliminated horses. Risk factors were calculated for each group using multinomial logistic regression. A 1% increase in hematocrit levels was associated with a higher OR for elimination (lameness: OR 1.26, p = 0.017; metabolic: OR 1.34, p = 0.010). Furthermore, increased potassium values correlated negatively with the race outcome. For a 1 mmol/l increase in potassium, the lameness OR was 4.21, p = 0.039 and metabolic OR was 1.15, p = 0.848. Eight-year-old horses had a 100% elimination rate and survival analyses showed a significantly higher hazard for elimination (p = 0.025). We thus conclude that age and hydration affect the outcome of elite endurance rides. Further investigation of age as a risk factor seems to be clinically relevant and adjustments of FEI qualification modes may be appropriate.

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Equine Endurance Race Pacing Strategy and Performance in 120-km Single-Day Races

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

Factors associated with safe completion of Fédération Equestre Internationale eventing cross‐country (2008–2018)

Age and Hydration of Competing Horses Influence the Outcome of Elite 160 km Endurance Rides

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