Equine Hematology

Walton, Raquel M.; Lawson, Cheryl A.

doi:10.1002/9781119500186.ch2

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…As a rule, however, a blood pH of 7.406 is not considered acidotic (normal pH range for horses: 7.38-7.44). 26 In our study, no significant changes in blood pH were observed after 19 days of NaCl treatment at 30 g Na/day plus 39 g Cl/day.…”

Section: Urine Test Resultscontrasting

confidence: 59%

The effects of feeding sodium chloride pellets on the gastric mucosa, acid‐base, and mineral status in exercising horses

Alshut,

Venner,

Martinsson

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundElectrolyte supplementation may be a risk factor for gastric mucosal lesions, but relevant evidence is limited in horses.HypothesisInvestigate the effects of PO sodium chloride (NaCl) supplementation on the gastric mucosa of exercising horses. We hypothesized that NaCl supplementation would neither cause nor exacerbate existing gastric mucosal damage.AnimalsFifteen 3‐year‐old healthy Warmblood stallions from a stud farm.MethodsPlacebo‐controlled study with a crossover design. Horses were fed either a NaCl pellet at a dosage adequate to replace the electrolyte losses in 10 L sweat or a placebo for 19 days with a washout period of 14 days between treatments. The gastric mucosa was evaluated by gastroscopy before and after treatment. Blood samples were collected for evaluation of acid‐base status, packed cell volume (PCV), and total protein, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Urine was collected, and urine specific gravity, electrolyte, creatinine, and urea concentrations were measured.ResultsThe initial prevalence of gastric mucosal lesions was 85%. Sodium chloride pellets did not adversely affect the gastric mucosa and treatment did not significantly alter the hematologic and serum biochemical variables. Urine creatinine concentrations significantly decreased and urinary sodium concentrations significantly increased after supplementation with NaCl pellets. Water intake did not significantly differ between treatments.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDaily NaCl pellet supplementation is a palatable and safe way to replace electrolyte losses from sweating in exercising horses and has no negative effects on the gastric mucosa.

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Section: Urine Test Resultscontrasting

confidence: 59%

The effects of feeding sodium chloride pellets on the gastric mucosa, acid‐base, and mineral status in exercising horses

Alshut,

Venner,

Martinsson

et al. 2023

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…The increase in Ca and Mg concentrations after acidification of urine with hydrochloric acid (HCI) can be explained by the dissolution of urine crystals, thereby enabling the measurement of the Ca and Mg ions previously confined in crystals. This assumption seems plausible since it is well known that the most commonly observed crystals in equine urine are Ca carbonate, Ca oxalate, triple phosphate and Ca phosphate and they all contain Ca, with the triple phosphates also containing Mg [ 7 , 8 , 25 ]. As demonstrated in previous studies, alkaline pH crystals such as Ca carbonate, Ca phosphate and hydroxyapatite are already dissolving at pH 5–6, while acidification to pH 1–2 should ensure complete dissolution [ 26 – 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidification is required for calcium and magnesium concentration measurements in equine urine

Lapsina,

Stirn,

Hofmann-Lehmann

et al. 2024

BMC Vet Res

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Background Acidification of equine urine to promote dissociation of ion complexes is a common practice for urine ion concentration measurements. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of acidification and storage after acidification on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphate (P) concentrations and on fractional excretion (FE) of these electrolytes. Thirty-two fresh equine urine samples were analysed between December 2016 and July 2020. Complete urinalysis (stick and sediment) was performed on all samples. Ca, Mg, P and creatinine concentrations were measured in supernatant of centrifuged native urine, urine directly centrifuged after acidification and urine centrifuged 1 hour after acidification. Urine was acidified with hydrochloric acid to reach a pH of 1–2. Ca, Mg, P and creatinine concentrations were also measured in blood plasma, and fractional excretion of each electrolyte was calculated. Equality of medians was tested with Friedman tests and Bland-Altman bias plots were used to show the agreement between conditions. Results Acidification had a statistically significant effect on Ca and Mg concentrations, FECa and FEMg. Bland-Altman plot revealed a strong positive proportional bias between Ca concentration in native and acidified urine with a mean bias of 17.6 mmol/l. For Mg concentration, the difference between native and acidified urine was small with a mean bias of 1.8 mmol/l. The increase in FECa was clinically relevant. Storage of acidified urine had no effect on any of the measured ion concentrations. All P concentrations in native urine samples were below the detection limit of the assay and statistical analysis and calculation of FEP was not possible. Conclusions Urine acidification is essential for accurate measurement of Ca and Mg concentrations and therefore FE calculations in equine urine. Storage time of 1 hour after acidification does not significantly change Ca and Mg concentrations.

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“…Leukaemia describes a neoplastic process that may involve one or all the cell lines of the bone marrow. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia results in the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes predominantly in the blood and bone marrow, whereas the accumulation of neoplastic lymphocytes in the body tissues is, by convention, described as lymphoma (Walton & Lawson, 2021). Lymphocytic leukaemia has been reported in horses with lymphoma, but this condition is considered rare (Muñoz et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryoglobulinaemia in a Thoroughbred gelding with multicentric lymphoma

Kreutzfeldt

Browne

2022

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 17‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was presented to the hospital with epistaxis, multiple alopecic skin lesions, firm swelling in the masseter region and acute cellulitis of the right hind distal limb. Epistaxis originated from ulcerative lesions within the nasal passages and nasopharynx. Histopathology results of a skin biopsy revealed necrotising dermatitis. Initial laboratory evaluation included severe leucocytosis with marked hyperproteinaemia and adequate coagulation times. A cryoprecipitate was noted in a refrigerated blood sample in the absence of lipemia. Serum protein electrophoresis yielded inconsistent results depending on sample preparation, suggestive of the presence of cryoglobulins. Evaluation of an uncentrifuged sample revealed a gammopathy, with a peak in the beta 2 globulin fraction. Treatment for vasculitis and dermatitis resulted in little clinical improvement, and the gelding was euthanised. Necropsy revealed multicentric lymphoma with a tropism for perivascular spaces and skeletal muscles.

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Equine Hematology

Cited by 7 publications

References 69 publications

The effects of feeding sodium chloride pellets on the gastric mucosa, acid‐base, and mineral status in exercising horses

The effects of feeding sodium chloride pellets on the gastric mucosa, acid‐base, and mineral status in exercising horses

Acidification is required for calcium and magnesium concentration measurements in equine urine

Cryoglobulinaemia in a Thoroughbred gelding with multicentric lymphoma

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