Equine Herpesviruses: a Brief Review

Kapoor, Sanjay

doi:10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.2s.46.54

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Enquanto outras publicações demonstraram prevalências maiores como no Ceará e Pernambuco na região Nordeste, com 41,2% (28/68) [2] Deve-se levar em consideração que apesar do HVE-1 e o HVE-4 apresentarem respostas antigênicas e manifestações clinicas distintas, o diagnóstico do HVE-1 através da soroneutralização, pode apresentar resultados falsos positivos associados a reações cruzadas com o HVE-4 [17], uma vez que existe homologia na sequência de DNA de 55% a 96% entre eles, principalmente em proteínas associadas à replicação e formação de capsídeos [35]. O teste também não permite a distinção de anticorpos vacinas, daqueles induzidos pela infecção natural [17] Vale salientar que tanto o trânsito intenso de animais, quanto as provas de vaquejada, uma prática equestre esportiva muito comum na região, são relatados como fatores que predispões a infecção pelo HVE, sendo uma região propícia para a disseminação viral [2,14].…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…O Herpesvirus Equino (HVE) e o Vírus da Arterite Viral Equina (VAVE), possuem elevada capacidade de disseminação, permanecendo latentes no organismo, até que o animal apresente imunossupressão [12,19], levando a surtos de abortos, morte neonatal, quadros neurológicos e respiratórios [13,17,27,34,37]. Os levantamentos sorológicos de HVE, no Nordeste, foram realizados em Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, com equinos de vaquejada [14] e região metropolitana de Fortaleza, Ceará [2] com ocorrências de 19,3% (22/114) e 41,2% (28/68) de positivos respectivamente, enquanto outros estudos nacionais variaram de 0 a 87% [1,2,[7][8][9][10]14,15,20,[23][24][25]27,30,32,38].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Occurrence of Antibodies against Herpesvirus and Arteritis Virus in Equines from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Rocha

Diniz

Jesus

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) have a high capacity for dissemination, causing losses in horse breeding due to reproductive, respiratory and neurological problems. In the State of Rio Grande do Norte there is only one survey, in the municipality of Mossoró, about these diseases. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the prevalence and assess the risk factors associated with EHV-1 and EAV infections in unvaccinated horses raised in the mesoregions of East and West Potiguar in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Between August 2018 and February 2019, blood samples were collected from equines on farms located in sixteen municipalities in the mesoregions of East and West Potiguar for the serological diagnosis of EAV (809 samples from 90 farms) and of EHV (778 samples from 88 farms), being that, only municipalities that had at least five hundred equines were included in the study. An investigative epidemiological questionnaire was applied to each property visited, containing questions related to the breeder, property, animal and the sanitary, reproductive and nutritional management. A logistic regression was performed to assess the risk factors associated with EVH, considering the serological test (positive or negative) as the dependent variable. EAV and EVH antibodies were detected through the serum virus neutralization assay. No evidence was found of EAV [0% (0/809)], but EHV showed a prevalence rate of 32% (249/778), with 80.6% (71/88) of the farms having at least one animal that tested positive, and EHV was present in all the municipalities covered in this study. The risk factors identified were: animals raised in East Potiguar (OR = 1.36, CI 95%: 1.01-1.85, P = 0.041), extensive livestock farming system (OR = 1.79, CI 95%: 1.10-2.91, P = 0.041), working animals (OR = 3.63, IC 95%: 1.91-6.91, P = 0.000), unclean facilities (OR = 2.32, CI 95%: 1.27-4.33, P = 0.006), and non-disinfected facilities (OR = 1.83, CI 95%: 1.15-2.91, P = 0.009).Discussion: The absence of horses seropositive for EAV confirms the findings reported for 132 cattle herding horses in the municipality of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and by other national surveys that report zero or low occurrence rates. EAV is therefore considered an exotic disease that has not yet been diagnosed nor its etiological agent isolated in this country. EHV was found to be distributed in the two mesoregions, indicating a higher occurrence among working horses raised in the extensive livestock farming system on these farms, which were more physically fatigued and liable to be immunosuppressed, making them prone to infection, especially when left to graze in contact with other animals, although sports horses have also been found to be at high risk of becoming infected. The risk factor analysis also indicated the importance of hygiene and disinfection of livestock premises, where other biosafety measures such as quarantine and vaccination are likely not taken, and animals circulate unrestrictedly, facilitating the dissemination of the virus. Studies are therefore needed to shed light on the real situation of the presence of EAV throughout Brazil’s territory. On the other hand, EHV is widely disseminated throughout the state, and the risk factors for this disease not only underscore the importance of proper sanitary management for control of the disease but also serve as a warning to authorities and animal health professionals.

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Occurrence of Antibodies against Herpesvirus and Arteritis Virus in Equines from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Rocha

Diniz

Jesus

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…Both have been associated with abortion and respiratory diseases in donkeys [98]. In addition, EHV-1 is also associated with neurological diseases in donkeys [11,99,100]. Although the equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) caused by EHV-1 is uncommon, it has been described in donkeys and mules in outbreaks in Ethiopia between the years 2011 and 2013.…”

Section: Equine Herpesvirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EHM was fatal in donkeys, with deaths without apparent clinical signs [101]. These viruses are antigenically and genetically related, showing cross-reactions due to similarity between 55% and 96% in the amino acid sequence of surface glycoproteins [99]. EHV-1 and EHV-4 are distributed worldwide, in domestic equine species [102,103].…”

Section: Equine Herpesvirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Câmara

Bueno

Resende

et al. 2020

Animals

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Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans.

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“…Equids act as a natural and definitive host for EHV-1. Out of nine species of EHV, only five herpes viruses (namely, EHV1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) have the ability to produce diseases in horses [ 103 ]. However, along with EHV-1, EHV-9 also has been found to be show nervous form in nature as reported in Thomson’s gazelles, which died of encephalitis in an outbreak and from calves [ 104 ].…”

Section: Equine Herpes Virus-1 (Ehv-1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic etiopathological conditions of equine nervous system with special emphasis on viral diseases

Kumar

Patil

2017

Vet World

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The importance of horse (Equus caballus) to equine practitioners and researchers cannot be ignored. An unevenly distributed population of equids harbors numerous diseases, which can affect horses of any age and breed. Among these, the affections of nervous system are potent reason for death and euthanasia in equids. Many episodes associated with the emergence of equine encephalitic conditions have also pose a threat to human population as well, which signifies their pathogenic zoonotic potential. Intensification of most of the arboviruses is associated with sophisticated interaction between vectors and hosts, which supports their transmission. The alphaviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses are the major implicated groups of viruses involved with equines/humans epizootic/epidemic. In recent years, many outbreaks of deadly zoonotic diseases such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and Japanese encephalitis in many parts of the globe addresses their alarming significance. The equine encephalitic viruses differ in their global distribution, transmission and main vector species involved, as discussed in this article. The current review summarizes the status, pathogenesis, pathology, and impact of equine neuro-invasive conditions of viral origin. A greater understanding of these aspects might be able to provide development of advances in neuro-protective strategies in equine population.

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Equine Herpesviruses: a Brief Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 91 publications

Occurrence of Antibodies against Herpesvirus and Arteritis Virus in Equines from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Occurrence of Antibodies against Herpesvirus and Arteritis Virus in Equines from the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Cryptic etiopathological conditions of equine nervous system with special emphasis on viral diseases

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