Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—Masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond

Ma, Guanggang; Azab, Walid; Osterrieder, Nikolaus

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.018

Cited by 103 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Despite a large number of submissions with unknown vaccination history, a similar percentage of control study horses and EHV-1 qPCR-positive horses were vaccinated against EHV-1/-4. Currently available vaccines against EHV-1/-4 do not reliably block infection and viral shedding, the development of viremia (EHV-1 only) or the establishment of latency (Ma and others 2013). However, the significant reduction in viral shedding observed in vaccinated horses provides reasonable justification for booster vaccination of non-exposed horses at risk for infection in order to reduce viral shedding in the event of infection to EHV-1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014

et al. 2016

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The objective of the present case-control study was to determine prevalence factors associated with the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in horses presented to veterinarians with clinical signs related to an upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological disease from March 2008 to December 2014. Nasal secretions and whole blood from 4228 equids with acute onset of fever, respiratory signs and/or neurological deficits were tested by qPCR for EHV-1. Categorical analyses were performed to determine the association between observations and EHV-1. A total of 117/4228 (2.7 per cent) equids tested qPCR-positive for EHV-1, with most of the isolates belonging to the non-neuropathogenic genotype (N752). EHV-1 PCR-positive equids were over-represented in racing horses. Depression, anorexia, nasal discharge and coughing were significantly less frequently reported in the EHV-1 qPCR-positive equids compared with the EHV-1 qPCR-negative cases. Neurological deficits were more frequently reported in the EHV-1 qPCR-positive cases. This study provides contemporary information on the frequency of EHV-1 detection by qPCR in blood and nasal secretions from horses with fever, respiratory signs and neurological deficits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014

et al. 2016

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“…EHV-1 infection is characterized by upper respiratory disease, neurological disorders, and abortion in pregnant mares (10). It has been known that CTL-based immunity confers protection against EHV-1-induced abortion in mares (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Downregulation Induced by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 pUL56 Is through Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis

Huang

Lehmann

Said

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Here, we report that cell surface MHC-I in EHV-1-infected cells is internalized and degraded in the lysosomal compartment in a pUL56-dependent fashion. pUL56-induced MHC-I endocytosis required dynamin and tyrosine kinase but was independent of clathrin and caveolin-1, the main constituents of the clathrin-and raft/caveola-mediated endocytosis pathways, respectively. Downregulation of cell surface MHC-I was significantly inhibited by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 inhibitor PYR41, indicating that ubiquitination is essential for the process. Finally, we show that downregulation is not specific for MHC-I and that other molecules, including CD46 and CD63, are also removed from the cell surface in a pUL56-dependent fashion. IMPORTANCEWe show that alphaherpesvirus induces MHC-I downregulation through endocytosis, which is mediated by pUL56. The dynamin-dependent endocytic pathway is responsible for MHC-I internalization in infected cells. Furthermore, we discovered that this endocytic process can be disrupted by the inhibiting ubiquitin-activating E1 enzyme, which is indispensable for ubiquitination. Finally, pUL56 action extends to a number of cell surface molecules that are significant for host immunity. Therefore, the protein may exert a more general immunomodulatory effect.

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“…In addition, EHV-1 also differed from MuHV-4, since no reduction in EHV-1-infection rates could be detected in myeloid cells (Glauser et al, 2013). This was of particular interest for EHV-1, since the cell-associated viraemic phase allows EHV-1 to spread throughout the host without being exposed to the immune system, thereby facilitating more severe pathologies such as abortion and neurological symptoms (Ma et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycoprotein B of equine herpesvirus type 1 has two recognition sites for subtilisin-like proteases that are cleaved by furin

Spiesschaert

Stephanowitz

Krause

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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Glycoprotein B (gB) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is predicted to be cleaved by furin in a fashion similar to that of related herpesviruses. To investigate the contribution of furin-mediated gB cleavage to EHV-1 growth, canonical furin cleavage sites were mutated. Western blot analysis of mutated EHV-1 gB showed that it was cleaved at two positions, 518 RRRR 521 and 544 RLHK 547 , and that the 28 aa between the two sites were removed after cleavage. Treating infected cells with either convertase or furin inhibitors reduced gB cleavage efficiency. Further, removal of the first furin recognition motif did not affect in vitro growth of EHV-1, while mutation of the second motif greatly affected virus growth. In addition, a second possible signal peptide cleavage site was identified for EHV-1 gB between residues 98 and 99, which was 13 aa downstream of that previously identified.

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Equine herpesviruses type 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)—Masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond

Cited by 103 publications

References 114 publications

Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014

Prevalence factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in equids with upper respiratory tract infection and/or acute onset of neurological signs from 2008 to 2014

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Downregulation Induced by Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 pUL56 Is through Dynamin-Dependent Endocytosis

Glycoprotein B of equine herpesvirus type 1 has two recognition sites for subtilisin-like proteases that are cleaved by furin

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