Equine immunology 2: Immunopharmacology — Biochemical basis of hypersensitivity

Hanna, Christopher J.; Eyre, P.; Wells, P.W.; McBeath, DG

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02328.x

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Further evidences shall be collected in order to define if the anaphylactoid reaction was caused only by the sodium ceftriaxone or the interaction between the drug and the B. burgdorferi infection in horses. The pharmacological treatment with dexamethasone reversed the acute symptoms of the anaphylactoid reaction in the gelding, corroborating published studies [ 9 , 28 , 29 ]. It has been reported that anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (NSAID’s) showed greater efficacy in reversing the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of experimentally induced anaphylaxis in horses compared to antihistamines.…”

Section: Case Presentationsupporting

confidence: 88%

Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Basile

Rivera²,

Rio

et al. 2015

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundLyme borreliosis is a disease transmitted by ticks to mammals, especially in horses and humans. Caused by a spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, it can result in lameness, arthritis, carditis, dermatitis and neurological signs. Anaphylactoid reactions are severe responses caused by direct action of substances (drugs, toxins), which can pose risks to life. Still poorly documented in horses, these reactions are caused by the effects of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, kinins and arachidonic acid metabolites. The last two are the most clinically relevant for the species.Case presentationThe simultaneous occurrence of anaphylactoid reaction in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi undergoing intravenous treatment with ceftriaxone sodium is reported. It was administered 4.7 × 108 spirochetes intradermal and subcutaneous applications in both horses to evaluate clinical aspects of the Lyme disease, 95 days before the application of sodium ceftriaxone. During the administration, one horse (a gelding) showed immediate and severe anaphylactoid symptoms such as urticaria, dyspnea, tachycardia, and eyelid edema, which were controlled by injecting dexamethasone. After 1 day, it expressed signs of abdominal discomfort, caused by severe bloat, which was treated surgically via celiotomy. Subsequently, this gelding had piroplasmosis and severe anemia, requiring treatment with an antimicrobial and blood transfusion. Second horse (a mare) showed signs of hypotension during the application of the antibiotic, which disappeared only when the application was interrupted. Days after the event, the mare developed moderate large colon bloat, which was treated with medication only. Subsequently the mare was evolved into the prodromal phase of laminitis in one of the forelimbs, which was treated for 10 days with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and rheology modifying drugs and cryotherapy.ConclusionsFrom the two cases presented here, it does appear that sodium ceftriaxone can induce anaphylactoid reactions in horses infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, which may evolve into colic syndrome, laminitis and the occurrence of opportunistic infections. However, further evidence should be collected in order to draw definite conclusions.

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Section: Case Presentationsupporting

confidence: 88%

Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Basile

Rivera²,

Rio

et al. 2015

BMC Vet Res

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“…The biochemical background of hypersensitivity in the horse has recently been reviewed (Hanna, Eyre, Wells and McBeath 1982). The evidence that allergic dermatitis comprises hypersensitivity reactions to biting insects has originated from two types of immunological studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: An epidemiological study

Broström

Larsson

Troedsson³

1987

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary A survey of allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) in Sweden contained information on 441 Icelandic horses. Results of a questionnaire indicated that approximately 15 per cent of the country's Icelandic horses suffered from the disease. The prevalence of allergic dermatitis was significantly higher among horses imported from Iceland (26.2 per cent) compared to that of Swedish‐born animals (6.7 per cent). In addition, horses born in Iceland were significantly more severely affected than horses born in Sweden. The risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden appeared to be more than six times higher for horses exported from Iceland to Sweden relative to that of horses originally born in Sweden. The prevalence of disease for horses of seven years or older was 30 per cent for Icelandic‐born individuals as compared to 7.3 per cent for horses born in Sweden. Similarly, the risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden for horses of seven years or older appeared to be nearly 10 times higher for horses imported from Iceland relative to that of horses born in Sweden. Allergic dermatitis usually appeared during the third grazing season for imported horses and during the fourth season for horses born in Sweden. Furthermore, the course of the disease tended to become worse with time. Analysis of the prevalence of allergic dermatitis relative to gender revealed no significant differences. Certain geographical variations in the prevalence of the disease was also found.

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“…Antihistamines offer short term alleviation of pruritic symptoms. Hanna, Eyre, Wells and McBeath (1982) have recently reviewed the biochemical basis of hypersensitivity in the horse.…”

Section: Fig 10 Skin Reactions Of Normal and Affected Horses (Mean +mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet itch: Responses of clinically normal and affected horses to intradermal challenge with extracts of biting insects

Quinn

Baker

Morrow

1983

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary In a study of the skin reactivity of horses with lesions of sweet itch, six clinically normal horses and seven affected horses were challenged intradermally with extracts of Culicoides, Stomoxys, Tabanidae and Culex species. All the affected horses and three of the normal horses responded strongly to the culicoides extract. The skin reactions in the affected horses reached their maxima within 4 h in the majority of animals. Skin reactivity to culicoides was transferred to normal horses with serum from affected animals confirming that the reaction was an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. Three of the seven affected animals gave both immediate and delayed reactions when challenged with the culicoides extract. When the dermal reactions of 12 clinically normal and 10 affected horses were compared at 20 mins and 1 h after challenge, the reactions produced by the culicoides extract were significantly (P<0.025) greater in the affected than in the normal horses. Individual horses gave strong reactions to extracts of Stomoxys, Culex and Tabanidae species, but no consistent response was evident among the affected animals. Serum from horses with sweet itch sensitised the skin of normal horses to challenge with extracts of the biting flies and the transferred antibodies remained bound to the skin of the recipient horse for 72 h or longer. Although some variation among the affected horses occurred in passive transfer experiments, the response to Culicoides species extracts was consistently greater than for the other insect extracts tested. Résumé Pour étudier la réactivité cutanée des chevaux atteint de dermite estivale récidivante, six chevaux normaux et sept malades furent intradermo inoculés avec des extraits de Culicoîdes, de Stomoxys, de Tabanides et de Culex. Tous les chevaux malades et trois des chevaux normaux réagirent fortement à l'extrait de culicoïdes. Les réactions cutanées maximales furent atteints en moins de 4 heures chez la plupart des chevaux malades. La sensibilité cutanée aux culicoïdes fut conférée aux chevaux sains par l'administration de sérum de chevaux malades. Cela confirmait l'existence d'une réaction immédiate d'hypersensibilité. Trois des sept chevaux malades présentèrent deux réactions aux extraits de culicoïdes, l'une immédiate et l'autre différée. Lorsqu'on compara les reactions dermiques de 12 chevaux normaux et de 10 chevaux malades, 20 minutes, puis 1 heure après l'injection déclenchante, on observa que les réactions produites par l'extrait de culocoides étaient plus importantes de manière significative (P<0.025) chez les chevaux malades. Certains chevaux eurent des réactions individuelles marquées aux extraits de Stomoxys, Culex et Tabanides, sans qu'aucune réaction ne puisse être considérée comme interprétable. Le sérum prélevé sur des chevaux atteints de dermite estivale sensibilise — rait la peau des chevaux normaux à l'injection d'extraits de mouches piqueuses; les anticorps ainsi transférés restaient présents dans la peau des receveurs 72 heures et plus. A quelques variation...

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Equine immunology 2: Immunopharmacology — Biochemical basis of hypersensitivity

Cited by 15 publications

References 55 publications

Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Anaphylactoid reaction caused by sodium ceftriaxone in two horses experimentally infected by Borrelia burgdorferi

Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: An epidemiological study

Sweet itch: Responses of clinically normal and affected horses to intradermal challenge with extracts of biting insects

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