Equine Influenza

Chambers, Thomas M.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a038331

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 122 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Among the individual infections, EIV and EHV-4 made up 63% of all infections. This is not surprising considering that these two viruses are endemic in most horse populations and commonly associated with outbreaks [ 19 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. It is interesting to notice that seasonality, demographics, use, and clinical signs between EIV and EHV-4 qPCR-positive horses differed slightly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by S. equi (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to wild birds and poultry [ 4 ], infected hosts of H3N8 IAVs include horses [ 5 ], dogs [ 6 ], cats [ 7 ], seals [ 8 ], and humans [ 9 ]. The H3N8 AIV causes almost no clinical symptoms in chickens after infection [ 4 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Liang

Cai

et al. 2022

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Wild birds play an important role in the emergence, evolution, and spread of zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIVs). However, there are few studies on the cross-species transmission of the H3N8 AIV originating from wild birds. In this study, we investigated the transmissibility and pathogenicity of two H3N8 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) isolated from wild birds, GZA1 and XJ47, to mammals. The HA genes of both strains belonged to Eurasian isolates, while the other genes were derived from a variety of other subtypes of AIVs. Both strains can infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, BALB/c mice, and guinea pigs. The XJ47 strain spread horizontally in SPF chickens and guinea pigs. The GZA1 strain did not spread horizontally but caused higher weight loss and mild lung inflammation in mice. P12-GZA1- and P12-XJ47-adapted strains obtained after 12 passages in the lung of mice showed enhanced pathogenicity in mice, which led to obvious clinical symptoms, lung inflammation, and 100% death. Both adapted strains have the reported mutation T97I in the PA, and the reported mutation D701N in PB2 has been found in the P12-GZA1-adapted strain. This study provides an important scientific basis for the continuous monitoring of wild AIVs and the mechanism underlying AIV cross-species transmission.

show abstract

“…Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses (Equus ferus caballus) caused by influenza A virus (IAV), which can result in important welfare issues and significant loss for the equine industry, as illustrated in Australia in 2007 [1] and more recently in the United Kingdom, when horse racing was stopped for six days in early 2019. Vaccination is used globally to prevent equine influenza virus (EIV) infections [1,2]. Since the first inactivated whole virus vaccines were introduced in the 1960s, various vaccine types have been developed, with inactivated whole virus, subunit, live-attenuated, and viral-vector-based vaccines in current use (reviewed by Paillot, 2014 [1]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection

Kinsley

Pronost

Bock³

et al. 2020

Vaccines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Equine influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for equine influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples (n = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.

show abstract

Equine Influenza

Cited by 34 publications

References 122 publications

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

Adaptation of Two Wild Bird-Origin H3N8 Avian Influenza Viruses to Mammalian Hosts

Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About