Equine lymphoma: What are the prospects for cellular differentiation, early diagnosis and intervention strategies?

Roberts, Matthew C.

doi:10.2746/095777308x336327

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Immunophenotypic evaluation of pleural fluid can be performed to determine lymphocyte surface marker expression, which can aid with the characteristic nature of neoplasia. Flow cytometry of fluid effusions is analysed for surface expression of major histocompatibility II (MHC II), CD4, CD5, CD8α or CD8/α/β (Roberts 2008). When tissue samples are available, immunohistochemistry is utilised to establish cell surface expression, which provides criteria for tumour classification (Kelley and Mahaffey 1998; Meyer et al .…”

Section: Metastatic Thoracic Neoplasiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic challenges: Equine thoracic neoplasia

Davis

Rush

2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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SummaryThe diagnosis of thoracic neoplasia in the horse can be difficult due to the nonspecific nature of the clinical signs and their overlap with other pulmonary diseases. Haematological and serum biochemical evaluation, thoracic ultrasonography, radiography, endoscopic examination, and, where appropriate, thoracocentesis and pleural fluid cytology may all be helpful in reaching a diagnosis. Granular cell tumours are the most frequently reported primary pulmonary tumours of horses. They occur as single or multiple masses adjacent to bronchi and bronchioles, and the mass typically extends into the airway, resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the lumen. Thymic tumours are classified as benign or metastatic, based on evidence of tissue invasiveness, even though they uniformly appear benign histologically. These tumours are derived from epithelial reticular cells of the thymus and are rare in horses. Other primary thoracic neoplasms originate from various pulmonary tissues and are primarily reported as single case reports: pulmonary and bronchial carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, bronchial myxoma, pulmonary chondrosarcoma, pulmonary leiomyosarcoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma. Clinical signs of these primary pulmonary neoplasms are dependent on the tumour type and location, but commonly include chronic cough, weight loss, anorexia, fever and respiratory difficulty; ventral oedema, pleural effusion and epistaxis are also frequently observed. Mesothelioma is a rare primary pleural tumour arising from the mesothelium of the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. The clinical presentation in horses includes weight loss, respiratory difficulty and large volume pleural effusion. The tumour appears ultrasonographically as multiple small nodules on a thick serosal surface and pleural biopsy is diagnostic. Lymphoma is the most common haematopoietic neoplasm in horses, which can present with 4 main manifestations of lesions: mediastinal, multicentric, alimentary and cutaneous. Common clinical features include chronic weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, subcutaneous oedema, lymphadenopathy, colic, bleeding tendency and diarrhoea. Coughing and laboured respiratory effort are often apparent in individuals suffering from mediastinal masses. In such instances, pleural effusion may result in severe pulmonary atelectasis and pulmonary function is significantly compromised. Haemangiosarcoma is the second most common metastatic thoracic neoplasm in horses. Disseminated haemangiosarcoma is aggressive and rapidly progressive. The clinical presentation often includes tachypnoea, pale or icteric mucous membranes, respiratory distress, epistaxis, and subcutaneous, cutaneous or intramuscular masses. Other tumour types that metastasise to the thoracic cavity include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, metastatic melanoma, mastocytoma and undifferentiated sarcoma. The clinical features of these tumours are generally nonspecific and often relate more to the primary site of tumour format...

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Section: Metastatic Thoracic Neoplasiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic challenges: Equine thoracic neoplasia

Davis

Rush

2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…In a report of 37 horses with lymphoma, 34 had tumors located in multiple lymphoid tissues plus abdominal or thoracic organs, and 3 were restricted to the skin and subcutis. Reports regarding the most common subtype of lymphoma in the horse are contradictory with some authors reporting T‐cell‐rich, B‐cell lymphoma most commonly, and others report T‐cell lymphoma as the most common subtype …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lymphoma is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm of the equine hematopoietic system and can be classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, cutaneous, or solitary . Of these, multicentric lymphoma is reportedly the most common form in horses and is characterized by widespread involvement of lymph nodes and a variety of organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solitary (primary) uvealT‐cell lymphoma in a horse

Trope

McCowan

Tyrrell

et al. 2013

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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A 22-year-old Australian stockhorse gelding was presented with anterior uveitis in the right eye which was nonresponsive to anti-inflammatory therapy. Clinical examination revealed corneal edema and vascularization, marked hypopyon, and thickening of the dorsal iris, which was confirmed by ultrasonography. Hematologic and biochemical analyses, abdominal and thoracic ultrasonography, and abdominocentesis with cytologic and biochemical analysis revealed no significant abnormalities. Cytological examination of an aqueous humor sample revealed a population of predominantly large lymphoblasts with high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, round or irregular nuclei, clumped nuclear chromatin, multiple large prominent nucleoli, and a small volume of basophilic cytoplasm. The cytologic diagnosis was intraocular lymphoma. Biopsy of the right submandibular lymph node revealed no evidence of neoplastic invasion. Euthanasia and a complete necropsy were performed and revealed no evidence of neoplasia in any tissue other than the right eye, which had an extensive, well-defined infiltrate of neoplastic lymphocytes expanding the ciliary body and iris, infiltrating the ciliary epithelium, and extending into the pars plana and peripheral choroid. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that neoplastic cells expressed the T-cell marker CD3. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of primary, solitary uveal T-cell lymphoma in a horse. Although apparently rare, lymphoma should be considered in horses with uveitis, even when inflammation is unilateral and in the absence of extraocular signs of neoplasia. Aqueocentesis and cytological examination provided an antemortem diagnosis in this case and should be considered as a diagnostic tool for investigation of uveal thickening and hypopyon.

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“…Lymphoma is considered the most frequently encountered neoplasm of the equine haematopoietic system, and is grouped into 4 presentations involving primarily lymph nodes (multicentric), or extranodal sites (skin, thymus or alimentary tract) (Roberts 2008). Being mostly present as a multiorgan disease, lymphomas rarely result in peripheral lymphadenopathy (Meyer et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical, histological and immunophenotypic findings in a mare with a mammary lymphoma associated with anaemia and pruritus

Mendes

Araújo

Bovino

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary An 18‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare presented with an 18 week history of dermatological lesions characterised by recurrent urticaria and recent signs of enlarged mammary glands, pyrexia, alopecia and intense pruritus. Haematological and serum biochemical analyses revealed anaemia, leucocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hyperfibrinogenaemia. Mammary discharge was evaluated and revealed neutrophilia. Cytological examinations of fine needle aspirates from the parotid lymph nodes were normal. Common causes of anaemia were ruled out by specific tests. The initial diagnosis was mastitis and 2 weeks later the animal returned to the hospital with worsening of clinical signs, intermittent fever, intense pruritus and generalised alopecia. Blood samples were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analyses, and the mammary gland and parotid lymph nodes were biopsied. Rectal palpation revealed a large irregular mass near the left kidney with adhesions of surrounding structures. The animal died before the laboratory results were ready. This report details the clinical, histological and immunophenotypic findings of a case of large lymphoma in a mare.

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Equine lymphoma: What are the prospects for cellular differentiation, early diagnosis and intervention strategies?

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Diagnostic challenges: Equine thoracic neoplasia

Diagnostic challenges: Equine thoracic neoplasia

Solitary (primary) uvealT‐cell lymphoma in a horse

Clinical, histological and immunophenotypic findings in a mare with a mammary lymphoma associated with anaemia and pruritus

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