Equine skull magnetic resonance imaging: The where, when and why?

Holmes, Shannon P.

doi:10.1111/eve.12039

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Indeed, horses with cranial nerve deficits are considerably more likely to have abnormal CT findings than similar horses without cranial nerve deficits (Sogaro-Robinson et al 2009). MRI might serve a more appropriate clinical use in the case with possible central or peripheral neuropathy, chronic trauma cases, or in horses with suspected neoplasia or immune mediated disease, as the greater degree of soft tissue detail might justify the general anaesthetic (Audigi e et al 2004;Dyson et al 2007;Bischofberger et al 2008;Schneider et al 2010;De Zani et al 2013;Holmes 2014;Manso-D ıaz et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical application of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cranial nerves in horses in comparison with high resolution imaging standards

Dixon

Lam

Weller

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Although horses are affected by cranial nerve disease, our understanding of these structures' imaging anatomy is limited, and the optimal modality for imaging of each of these nerves is unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the imaging appearance of the equine cranial nerves on high‐resolution 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans of a cadaver head, and with these as standards, examine the utility of MRI and CT performed in clinical cases. High‐resolution MRI and CT images were prospectively acquired of the head of a normal Thoroughbred gelding following euthanasia. Ten clinical cases undergoing high‐field MRI under general anaesthesia and 10 clinical cases undergoing CT in the standing horse under sedation were retrospectively evaluated by three reviewers to assess cranial nerve visibility. On high‐resolution, thin‐slice, MRI scans of the normal cadaver head, each of the 12 cranial nerves and their topographic location could be appreciated. On high‐resolution cadaver CT, cranial nerves II, V and VII were clearly visible, but others were less easily identified; osseous structures were clearly visualised. Clinical MRI and CT allowed for variable visualisation of the cranial nerves, dependent on the sequence and the orientation of scan planes. High‐field MRI allowed excellent visualisation of equine cranial nerves, whereas CT allowed for more detailed visualisation of the osseous canals and foramina. In live horses, the ability to identify all 12 nerves is challenging with either MRI or CT; however, high‐field MRI enables better visualisation of the nerve bundles than CT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical application of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cranial nerves in horses in comparison with high resolution imaging standards

Dixon

Lam

Weller

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…In the present case, post mortem MRI was performed for teaching and academic purposes. At least theoretically, in selected cases of ophthalmic disease, the high soft tissue contrast and cross‐sectional anatomic detail of MRI of (peri)ocular structures could provide the clinician with additional diagnostic and prognostic information compared to standard diagnostic tools (Holmes ). In human medicine, MRI is used for visualisation of the cranial and intraorbital nerves, identification of ocular and orbital tumours, assessment of blood oxygenation of the retina, studying diffusion pathways of pharmaceuticals in the eye after intravenous contrast injection and, ultimately, for providing physiological information beyond anatomy (functional MRI) (Townsend et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post mortem magnetic resonance imaging of multiple congenital ocular anomalies in a Comtois mare

Oosterlinck

Grebert

Gielen

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Multiple congenital ocular anomalies syndrome consists of several abnormalities mainly localised to the anterior segment of the eye. This condition, comprising iridal or ciliary cysts with or without iridal hypoplasia, an excessively protruding cornea (‘cornea globosa’), miotic pupils, retinal dysplasia, cataract, and other lesions, has been reported in several breeds and is strongly related to the silver coat colour, as a result of a dominant mutant allele at the PMEL17 locus. This report describes the macroscopic, ultrasonographic, histological and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the ocular abnormalities in a Comtois mare with multiple congenital ocular anomalies syndrome.

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“…According to Holmes (2013), this is also true for equine patients. MRI has been used as a diagnostic tool in several neurologically affected horses, like: Features of nigropallidal encephalomalacia (Sanders et al 2001), cerebral abscess, encephalomalacia, nigropallidal encephalomalacia, internal hydrocephalus, otitis media and interna (Ferrell et al 2002), metastatic brain abscesses in horses with strangles (Spoormakers et al 2003), brain abscess in a filly (Audigié et al 2004), brainstem meningioma in a pony (Dyson et al 2007), ocular angiosarcoma in a pony (Bischofberger et al 2008), cholesterol granuloma (Maulet et al 2008), ependymoma (Leser et al 2013), retrobulbar meningioma (Naylor et al 2010), cerebellar abiotrophy (Pongratz et al 2010, Cavalleri et al 2013, external and an internal hydrocephalus (Oey et al 2011), posttraumatic epilepsy , Chiari malformation in a foal (Lempe et al 2012), features of closed head trauma in two foals (De Zani et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the equine brain in healthy horses – Potentials and limitations

Stuckenschneider¹,

Hellige²,

Feige³

et al. 2014

PHK

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Summary: For evaluating neurological diseases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely recommended as the method of choice in human medicine. It has been proposed as a valuable tool in clinical diagnostics and research projects in veterinary medicine as well. The aim of this study was to elaborate optimal settings appropriate for an examination of the equine brain in a 3-Tesla tomograph within an adequate examination time and with related optimal image quality. A key issue was the evaluation of those neuro-anatomical structures (formations of Grey and White Matter included) which were always clearly recognisable and, as such, were useful orientation landmarks. Furthermore, the average sizes of selected structures were measured in the magnetic resonance images in transversal views. MRI of 11 healthy horses was performed in general anaesthesia. After the examination the horses were euthanised, their heads were fixated by perfusion, the brain was removed and cut either in transversal, dorsal or sagittal slices (approximately 4 mm thick). Photographic images of these slices corresponded to the magnetic resonance images in the equivalent planes. In the anatomical slices, all visible neurological structures (gyri, nuclei, and formations of White Matter) were identified. In the corresponding magnetic resonance images, these structures were evaluated with regard to the image quality (intensity, delineation). Those best visible were proposed as landmarks for orientation. The evaluation of the image quality was performed using a score system. In general, the anatomical slices displayed more details compared to the magnetic resonance images. In the latter, large nuclei -like, e.g. Nucleus caudatus -could always be identified with certainty, whereas small nuclei -like those of the thalamic region or of the area of the Medulla oblongata -could not be identified. The relation between operational effort and benefit was discussed considering the parameters 'acquisition time' (and related duration of general anaesthesia) and 'image quality' (which depended on the selection of sectional planes and matrix sizes, as displayed in the proposed protocols).Keywords: MRI / horse / brain / 3 Tesla / orientation landmarks / diagnostic imaging 3-Tesla-magnetresonanztomographische Untersuchungen des Gehirns gesunder Pferde -Möglichkeiten und GrenzenDie Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) wird in der Humanmedizin als Methode der Wahl zur Bewertung neurologischer Erkrankungen empfohlen und ist ebenso in der tiermedizinischen Diagnostik und Forschung etabliert. Ziel dieser Untersuchung am lebenden Pferd war es, optimale Einstellungen festzulegen, mit denen das Pferdegehirn in einem 3-Tesla-Gerät adäquat, d.h. in angemessener Untersuchungszeit bei optimaler Bildqualität, untersucht werden kann. Im Mittelpunkt stand dabei die Darstellung jener neuroanatomischen Strukturen einschließlich Formationen aus Grauer und Weißer Substanz, die stets sicher erkennbar und deshalb als Landmarks zur Orientierung im Pferdegehirn geeignet waren. Außerdem w...

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Equine skull magnetic resonance imaging: The where, when and why?

Abstract: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2012.00456.x/abstract

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Clinical application of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cranial nerves in horses in comparison with high resolution imaging standards

Clinical application of multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of cranial nerves in horses in comparison with high resolution imaging standards

Post mortem magnetic resonance imaging of multiple congenital ocular anomalies in a Comtois mare

3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the equine brain in healthy horses – Potentials and limitations

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