Successful neurosurgical procedures hinge on the accurate targeting of regions of interest. Resection of brain tumors is enhanced by the surgeon's ability to accurately define margins. Epileptic foci are identified by coregistration of functional and antatomic information, and stereotactic targets must be pinpointed with submillimetric accuracy for surgical efficacy. Specialized neuronavigational tools have been developed over the last 20 years to assist surgeons in these endeavors; the development of MRI-guided navigation systems represents a significant improvement in the surgical treatment of various intracranial lesions. The ability for most intraoperative image guidance systems to remain faithful to the anatomy once the cranium has been opened remains problematic, however. "Brain shift," the term applied to the dynamic change that intracranial anatomy undergoes after craniotomy, burr hole placement, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, or resection of a lesion, compromises the localization of neural structures in space relative to where they were when preoperative images were acquired (Fig. 1).1-8 Gliomas also pose a particular challenge to surgeons because many of these tumors (particularly low-grade gliomas) do not possess distinct capsules. As a result, even well-trained human eyes are incapable of discerning where the border of the lesion ends and viable brain begins. This uncertainty leads to two problems: (1) inadequate resection secondary to the surgeon stopping at what appears to be grossly abnormal tissue (so as to avoid neurologic damage) and (2) neurologic damage caused by aggressive surgery in which resection ends only when clearly normal brain tissue is visualized.Only intraoperatively acquired images can provide neurosurgeons with the information needed to perform real-time, image-guided surgery. Uncertainty is reduced significantly when the surgeon places an instrument at the edge of what is believed to be the resection cavity, and a small nodule of tumor is immediately identified by intraoperative imaging. Avoidance and preservation of eloquent cortex such as motor, speech, and visual areas depend on precise identification of these regions during the procedure. The boundary between tumor and viable neural tissue is often difficult to see with the naked eye, so the superimposition of functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and awake cortical mapping images eliminates a surgeon's uncertainty in determining tumor boundary and shifting brain * Corresponding author. agolby@partners.org (A.J. Golby). Early interventional procedures in an open MRI system were performed in a low-field imager by Gronemeyer and colleagues.19,20 This system provided access to patients through a horizontal gap in its magnet. Access was significantly limited, however, and open surgeries that required full access to patients were impractical. Based on this information, after discussing several alternative designs, a "double donut" magnet system that would allow free access to patients within the magnetic field was chosen by...