Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions

Smith, D.; Visher, Christy A.; Davidson, Laura A.

doi:10.2307/1143211

Cited by 224 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…This explanation is in line with previous literature suggesting that law enforcement decisions to make arrests are significantly influenced by offender ethnicity (e.g., Avakame & Fyfe, 2001;Black & Reiss, 1970;Smith, Visher, & Davidson, 1984;Kochel, Wilson, & Mastrofski, 2011). In a recent meta-analysis of 27 studies from this extensive body of research, Kochel and colleagues (2011) found that African American offenders and other ethnic minorities were between 1.3 and 1.5 times more likely than Caucasian offenders to be arrested during interactions with law enforcement.…”

Section: Personality Characteristics the Prediction That Formerly Insupporting

confidence: 86%

Intimate Partner Violence During the Transition from Prison to the Community: An Ecological Analysis

Braun¹

2000

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While extensive research has been conducted on the causes of intimate partner violence in the community, very little is known about rates and predictors of domestic violence perpetrated by offenders who have recently been incarcerated. Some evidence suggests that formerly incarcerated individuals may be at an increased risk to perpetrate intimate partner violence during the transition from prison to the community (e.g., Hairston & Oliver 2006;Hilton, Harris, Popham, & Lang, 2010;Oliver & Hairston, 2008). The primary goal of this dissertation was to examine the extent to which former inmates engage in domestic violence during the transition from prison to the community. A second goal of this dissertation was to determine the independent and interactive effects of selected individual, situational, and social- iii Dedication My dissertation is dedicated to my dad, Stephen J. Freeland, PhD (Colorado State University, 1981). Da, I still have the "Round Tuit" that Pop gave to you while you were writing your dissertation. I am honored that you passed it down to me while I was writing mine. Your achievement of a PhD was the biggest motivator for me to follow in the same path (even if mine is not in a "real" science -ha ha). You have no idea how wonderful it has been to be able to share my struggles during this process with someone who knows them only too well. I never would have begun this journey without your support, and I never would have finished without your perpetual encouragement. I love you.iv Table 2 Demographic characteristics of the study sample and study population who were released from prison to Multnomah county and the population of offenders released to the entire state between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009.................................................................................................................. 117 Table 6 Descriptive statistics for individual, situational, and social-structural level variables (n=1137)................................................................................................ 155 Table 7 Descriptive statistics for additional individual-level demographic characteristics (n=1137)........................................................................................ 156 ....................................................................................... 219 Incarceration rates in the United States (US) are exceptionally high. With more than 730 per 100,000 US residents housed in prisons and local jails, current incarceration rates have surpassed those of any other time in US history and those of all other Western European countries (Gottschalk, 2009;Raphael, 2009;Tonry, 1999). While the growth in US incarceration rates initially corresponded with increasing violent crime in the 1980s, an overall decrease in violent crime in the 1990s was not followed by a reciprocal decrease in incarceration (Tonry, 1999;Warren, Gelb, Horowitz, & Riordan, 2008). Violent crime-with the exception of gun violence-is no higher in the ...

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Section: Personality Characteristics the Prediction That Formerly Insupporting

confidence: 86%

Intimate Partner Violence During the Transition from Prison to the Community: An Ecological Analysis

Braun¹

2000

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“…Thus, a discrimination-ignorant approach to wage prediction based on historical data (which is often biased) can lead to violation of laws. Similarly, racial discrimination in criminology and police arrests is a continuing concern [12]- [14]. In this setting, a discrimination-ignorant regression model based on historical data can further exacerbate the racial discrimination.…”

Section: Related Work and Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Attribute Effect in Linear Regression

Calders

Karim

Kamiran

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE 13th International Conference on Data Mining

117

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Abstract-In data mining we often have to learn from biased data, because, for instance, data comes from different batches or there was a gender or racial bias in the collection of social data. In some applications it may be necessary to explicitly control this bias in the models we learn from the data. This paper is the first to study learning linear regression models under constraints that control the biasing effect of a given attribute such as gender or batch number. We show how propensity modeling can be used for factoring out the part of the bias that can be justified by externally provided explanatory attributes. Then we analytically derive linear models that minimize squared error while controlling the bias by imposing constraints on the mean outcome or residuals of the models. Experiments with discrimination-aware crime prediction and batch effect normalization tasks show that the proposed techniques are successful in controlling attribute effects in linear regression models.

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“…It is plausible that the relationship of race and gender with the likelihood of arrest is due to one of several other confounding factors that were not measured and not included in the analyses. Previous research suggests that the demeanor of the suspect (Piliavin & Briar, 1964;Smith et al, 1984;Visher, 1983), the physical appearance of the suspect (Piliavin & Briar, 1964), victim characteristics such as race and age (D'Alessio & Stolzenberg, 2003;Smith et al, 1984), relationship between suspect and victim (D'Alessio & Stolzenberg, 2003), and victim request for arrest (Black & Reiss, 1970;Lundman et al, 1978;Smith et al, 1984;Visher, 1983) are also influential in the decision to arrest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arrests Among Homeless and Runaway Youths: The Effects of Race and Gender

Yoder

Muñoz

Whitbeck

et al. 2005

Journal of Crime and Justice

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This study examined the contributions of race and gender to the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense in a sample of homeless and runaway youths from four Midwestern states. Event history analysis was used to test the hypothesis that Y o d e r e t a l . i n J o u r n a l o f C r i m e a n d J u s t i C e 2 8 ( 2 0 0 5 ) 36 race and gender would interact so that the likelihood of a first post-run arrest for a more serious and less serious offense would be highest for non-white males and non-white females, respectively. Potentially confounding factors-deviant subsistence strategies, substance use, gang involvement and membership, prior arrests, age, prior physical abuse, age on own, and spending time on the street-were controlled in the analyses. The hypotheses regarding the interaction of race and gender were not supported by the data. Non-whites were more likely than whites, and males were more likely than females, to be arrested for a more serious offense, and white females were more likely than non-white females to be arrested for a less serious offense.

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Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions

Cited by 224 publications

References 0 publications

Intimate Partner Violence During the Transition from Prison to the Community: An Ecological Analysis

Intimate Partner Violence During the Transition from Prison to the Community: An Ecological Analysis

Controlling Attribute Effect in Linear Regression

Arrests Among Homeless and Runaway Youths: The Effects of Race and Gender

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