Equivalent Electric Charge of Photons in an Electron--Positron Plasma

Abstract

A first-principles Green's function technique has been used to investigate the magnetic interlayer coupling and the electronic structure responsible for the magnetic interaction in a bcc Fe/Cu N /Fe system. We discuss the close relation between the interlayer coupling, the bulk Fermi surface of the spacer material, and the dispersion of the quantum-well states in the two-dimensional Brillouin zone. As a function of spacer thickness, we find an oscillatory long-range energy splitting of Fe/Cu interface states which is shown to be an example of a long-range oscillatory interface interaction transmitted by the spin-polarized quantum-well states of the Cu spacer. These interacting interface states may provide a signature of the magnetic coupling in multilayers.

A Fundamental Equation of Thermodynamics that Embraces Electrical and Magnetic Potentials

“…Heat transfer in the first equation is driven by the difference in temperature and in the second equation the charge transfer is driven by the difference in electrical potentials. However, the laws concerning the transfer of magnetic flux are not yet formulated, but there is an approach to its formulation as a magnetic flux emergence in the sun is directly traced on the solar surface (in visible-white light) by the presence of dark, mainly round-shaped areas, called sunspots, surrounded by brighter regions of higher magnetic potential called plagues [15]. Measurements of magnetic fields at the solar surface shows that sunspots tend to be grouped in pairs, one with positive and one with negative magnetic polarity which may be characterized by flow of magnetic flux according to similar equations as Equations (12) and (13).…”

“…The net charge in each imparted sinusoidal wave has a value which may be positive or negative according to the sign of the charge found by the following integral in a complete wave: travelled in straight lines, produce a shadow when obstructed by objects and the rays could pass through thin metal foils without disturbing them (Tested by New Zealander Ernest Rutherford using gold foil [15]). Hertz maintained it also was a wave.…”

“…However, such definitions introduce also plausible explanations to many discovered phenomena. The definition of the electric charge as electromagnetic waves explains the behavior of the cathode rays as waves in the famous Crookes tube [15], where the cathode rays, defined previously as flow of electric charges or electrons, Introducing entropy, as a probability measure of disorder [18], to replace the time in Maxwell equations lead to a probabilistic Maxwell's solution that is analogous to probabilistic wave solution Ψ(x, t) of the Schrodinger's equation. The introduced fundamental equation can be valuable in studies that apply Poisson-Nernst-Planck theory to investigate ion permeation and related transport processes [19].…”