ER-2 Doppler Radar Investigations of the Eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie during the Convection and Moisture Experiment-3

Heymsfield, Gerald M.; Halverson, Jeffrey B.; Simpson, Joanne; Tian, Lin; Bui, T. Paul

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1310:edriot>2.0.co;2

Cited by 108 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The case studies of Hurricane Isidore and Lili (2002) (Jiang et al, 2008) demonstrated that the inner-core mean rain rate peaks (convective bursts) appear to proceed the times of maximum surface winds. This inner-core rain peak and intensity relationship was also revealed in satellite and aircraft observation studies of Typhoon Lynn (1987) (Rao and MacArthur, 1994), Typhoon Bobbie (1992) , Hurricane Opal (1995) (Rodgers et al, 1998), Typhoon Paka (1997) (Rodgers et al, 2000), and Hurricane Bonnie (1998) (Heymsfield et al, 2001), as well as in observational studies of Hurricane Daisy (1958) (Riehl and Malkus, 1961) and tropical Cyclone Oliver (1993) (Simpson et al, 1998). The simulated rain per 3 h is plotted in Fig.…”

Section: Sensitivity To Cumulus Parameterization Schemes (Cps)mentioning

confidence: 54%

Impact of cloud parameterization on the numerical simulation of a super cyclone

2012

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Abstract. This study examines the role of parameterization of convection and explicit moisture processes on the simulated track, intensity and inner core structure of Orissa super cyclone (1999) in Bay of Bengal (north Indian Ocean). Sensitivity experiments are carried out to examine the impact of cumulus parameterization schemes (CPS) using MM5 model (Version 3.7) in a two-way nested domain (D1 and D2) configuration at horizontal resolutions (45-15 km). Three different cumulus parameterization schemes, namely Grell (Gr), Betts-Miller (BM) and updated Kain Fritsch (KF2), are tested. It is noted that track and intensity both are very sensitive to CPS and comparatively, KF2 predicts them reasonably well. Particularly, the rapid intensification phase of the super cyclone is best simulated by KF2 compared to other CPS. To examine the effect of the cumulus parameterization scheme at high resolution (5 km), the three-domain configuration (45-15-5 km resolution) is utilized. Based on initial results, KF2 scheme is used for both the domains (D1 and D2). Two experiments are conducted: one in which KF2 is used as CPS and another in which no CPS is used in the third domain. The intensity is well predicted when no CPS is used in the innermost domain. The sensitivity experiments are also carried out to examine the impact from microphysics parameterization schemes (MPS). Four cloud microphysics parameterization schemes, namely mixed phase (MP), Goddard microphysics with Graupel (GG), Reisner Graupel (RG) and Schultz (Sc), are tested in these experiments. It is noted that the tropical cyclone tracks and intensity variation have considerable sensitivity to the varying cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The MPS of MP and Sc could very well capture the rapid intensification phase. The final intensity is well predicted by MP, which is overestimated by Sc. The MPS of GG and RG underestimates the intensity.

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Section: Sensitivity To Cumulus Parameterization Schemes (Cps)mentioning

confidence: 54%

Impact of cloud parameterization on the numerical simulation of a super cyclone

2012

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“…Some of these "hot towers" may be exceptionally vigorous and overshoot their equilibrium level. A recent example of hot towers in an intensifying hurricane is in the paper by Heymsfield et al (2001) which examined the internal structure of a convective burst and its relationship to the wann core during Hurricane Bonnie's intensification, using a synthesis of high-resolution satellite, aircraft radar, and in situ data. An exceptionally vigorous eyewall tower within the burst penetrated to nearly 18 km and high 8, air detrained from the burst subsided within Bonnie's eye, and it was speculated that this might provide favorable warming for storm intensification.…”

Section: ; Mcbride and Zehr 2003)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of Highly Sheared Tropical Storm Chantal during CAMEX-4

Heymsfield

Halverson

Ritchie

et al. 2006

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

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Tropical Storm Chantal during August 2001 was a storm that failed to intensify over the few days prior to making landfall on the Yucatan Peninsula. An observational study of Tropical Storm Chantal is presented using a diverse dataset including remote and in situ measurements from the NASA ER-2 and DC-8 and the NOAA WP-3D N42RF aircraft and satellite. The authors discuss the storm structure from the larger-scale environment down to the convective scale. Large vertical shear (850–200-hPa shear magnitude range 8–15 m s−1) plays a very important role in preventing Chantal from intensifying. The storm had a poorly defined vortex that only extended up to 5–6-km altitude, and an adjacent intense convective region that comprised a mesoscale convective system (MCS). The entire low-level circulation center was in the rain-free western side of the storm, about 80 km to the west-southwest of the MCS. The MCS appears to have been primarily the result of intense convergence between large-scale, low-level easterly flow with embedded downdrafts, and the cyclonic vortex flow. The individual cells in the MCS such as cell 2 during the period of the observations were extremely intense, with reflectivity core diameters of 10 km and peak updrafts exceeding 20 m s−1. Associated with this MCS were two broad subsidence (warm) regions, both of which had portions over the vortex. The first layer near 700 hPa was directly above the vortex and covered most of it. The second layer near 500 hPa was along the forward and right flanks of cell 2 and undercut the anvil divergence region above. There was not much resemblance of these subsidence layers to typical upper-level warm cores in hurricanes that are necessary to support strong surface winds and a low central pressure. The observations are compared to previous studies of weakly sheared storms and modeling studies of shear effects and intensification. The configuration of the convective updrafts, low-level circulation, and lack of vertical coherence between the upper- and lower-level warming regions likely inhibited intensification of Chantal. This configuration is consistent with modeled vortices in sheared environments, which suggest the strongest convection and rain in the downshear left quadrant of the storm, and subsidence in the upshear right quadrant. The vertical shear profile is, however, different from what was assumed in previous modeling in that the winds are strongest in the lowest levels and the deep tropospheric vertical shear is on the order of 10–12 m s−1.

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“…Frank and Ritchie, 1999;Reasor et al, 2000;Frank and Ritchie, 2001;Black et al, 2002;Schecter and Montgomery, 2003;Rogers et al, 2003;Reasor et al, 2004); others have examined the structure of vortex-wave 564 N. VAN SANG ET AL. Montgomery and Enagonio, 1998;Möller and Montgomery, 2000;Enagonio and Montgomery, 2001;Heymsfield et al, 2001;Braun, 2002;Hendricks et al, 2004;Montgomery et al, 2006a). Collectively, the emerging concept is one of intensity and structural change (including warming in the eye) occurring through bursts, fundamentally stochastic in nature, associated with life cycles of asymmetries, rather than though a continuous 'slow' evolution connected with the axisymmetric secondary circulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropical‐cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions

Sáng¹,

Smith²,

Montgomery

2008

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

240

105

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ABSTRACT:We present numerical-model experiments to investigate the dynamics of tropical-cyclone amplification and its predictability in three dimensions. For the prototype amplification problem beginning with a weak-tropical-storm-strength vortex, the emergent flow becomes highly asymmetric and dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though the problem as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The asymmetries that develop are highly sensitive to the boundarylayer moisture distribution. When a small random moisture perturbation is added in the boundary layer at the initial time, the pattern of evolution of the flow asymmetries is changed dramatically, and a non-negligible spread in the local and azimuthally-averaged intensity results. We conclude, first, that the flow on the convective scales exhibits a degree of randomness, and only those asymmetric features that survive in an ensemble average of many realizations can be regarded as robust; and secondly, that there is an intrinsic uncertainty in the prediction of maximum intensity using either maximumwind or minimum-surface-pressure metrics. There are clear implications for the possibility of deterministic forecasts of the mesoscale structure of tropical cyclones, which may have a major impact on the intensity and on rapid intensity changes.Some other aspects of vortex structure are addressed also, including vortex-size parameters, and sensitivity to the inclusion of different physical processes or higher spatial resolution. We investigate also the analogous problem on a β-plane, a prototype problem for tropical-cyclone motion. A new perspective on the putative role of the wind-evaporation feedback process for tropical-cyclone intensification is offered also.The results provide new insight into the fluid dynamics of the intensification process in three dimensions, and at the same time suggest limitations of deterministic prediction for the mesoscale structure. Larger-scale characteristics, such as the radius of gale-force winds and β-gyres, are found to be less variable than their mesoscale counterparts.

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ER-2 Doppler Radar Investigations of the Eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie during the Convection and Moisture Experiment-3

Cited by 108 publications

References 36 publications

Impact of cloud parameterization on the numerical simulation of a super cyclone

Impact of cloud parameterization on the numerical simulation of a super cyclone

Structure of Highly Sheared Tropical Storm Chantal during CAMEX-4

Tropical‐cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions

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