Er inntaket av jod i befolkningen tilstrekkelig?

Henjum, Sigrun; Abel, Marianne Hope; Meltzer, Helle Margrete; Dahl, Lisbeth; Alexander, Jan; Torheim, Liv Elin; Brantsæter, Anne Lise

doi:10.4045/tidsskr.18.0319

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Norway has no regular monitoring of the iodine intake, but several studies published after the report from the Nutrition council have consistently shown inadequate iodine intake and insufficient iodine status in women of childbearing age [16,25,26,[43][44][45][46][47]. Furthermore, a recent summary of iodine status in Norway concluded that insufficient iodine intake was prevalent, not only in women of childbearing age, but was also seen in other population groups, i.e., exclusively breastfed infants, the elderly, vegans and in a group of immigrants [11]. This study further supports these findings, with inadequate iodine intake among women of childbearing age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

et al. 2020

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Breastfed infants are dependent on an adequate supply of iodine in human milk for the production of thyroid hormones, necessary for development of the brain. Despite the importance of iodine for infant health, data on Norwegian lactating women are scarce. We measured iodine intake and evaluated iodine status and iodine knowledge among lactating women. From October to December 2018, 133 mother–infant pairs were recruited in a cross-sectional study through two public health care centers in Lillehammer and Gjøvik. Each of the women provided two human milk specimens, which were pooled, and one urine sample for analysis of iodine concentration. We used 24-h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate short-term and habitual iodine intake from food and supplements. The median (P25, P75) human milk iodine concentration (HMIC) was 71 (45, 127) µg/L—of which, 66% had HMIC <100 µg/L. The median (P25, P75) urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80 µg/L (52, 141). The mean (± SD) 24-h iodine intake and habitual intake was 78 ± 79 µg/day and 75 ± 73 µg/day, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirms inadequate iodine intake and insufficient iodine status among lactating women in the inland area of Norway and medium knowledge awareness about iodine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Norway has been considered to be an iodine-sufficient country for decades, but recent evidence suggests that mild to moderate iodine deficiency is prevalent and increasing in some population groups, such as women of childbearing age [9][10][11][12]. The breastfeeding prevalence in Norway is generally high.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

et al. 2020

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“…Iodine is a trace element which is essential for the production of the thyroid hormones, therefore adequate iodine intake is important to avoid thyroid dysfunction and maintain normal physiological functions of the body [11]. Iodine deficiency has re-emerged as a public health problem in women of reproductive age in the USA, Australia, and Europe, including Norway, which has been corroborated in a number of studies lately [12][13][14][15]. Vegans and vegetarians have also been identified as a group with increased risk of iodine deficiency in Europe and the US [16][17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Vegans, Vegetarians and Pescatarians Are at Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Norway

et al. 2020

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Low iodine intakes have been documented in different population groups in Norway. We aimed to assess iodine status, dietary intake, supplement and macroalgae use, and iodine knowledge in vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians. In this study, 115 vegans, 55 vegetarians and 35 pescatarians from the Oslo region of Norway, aged 18–60 years, participated. A spot urine sample was collected along with a dietary assessment of iodine intake, supplement and macroalgae use. The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) in vegans was 43 µg/L (moderate iodine deficiency), in vegetarians 67 µg/L and in pescatarians 96 µg/L (mild iodine deficiency). In multiple linear regression analysis, use of iodine supplements was one of the strongest predictors of UIC. About half of the participants had median 24-h iodine intakes below estimated average requirement (EAR) of 100 µg/day. Fifty percent had low knowledge score, while 27% had very low knowledge score. Vegans, vegetarians and possibly pescatarians in Norway, are unable to reach the recommended iodine intake merely from food and are dependent on iodine supplements. There is an urgent need for dietary guidance targeting vegans, vegetarians and pescatarians to avoid inadequate iodine intake in non-supplement users, as well as avoiding excess iodine intake in macroalgae users.

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“…Nutritional status pre-and post-conception affects the growth and development of the fetus, and deficiencies increase the risk of birth defects (5) . Folate deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies among women in reproductive age (4) , along with Fe (6) , iodine (7) and vitamin D (8) in the Nordic countries. In Norway, intake of dietary folate (9,10) and folic acid supplements (11) is low.…”

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Maternal use of folic acid and multivitamin supplements and infant risk of birth defects in Norway, 1999–2013

et al. 2020

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The association between folic acid supplementation and birth defects other than neural tube defects (NTD) remains unclear. We used a log-binomial regression model to investigate if periconceptional folic acid and/or multivitamin use was associated with birth defects in Norway with prospectively collected data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) during 1999–2013. We used the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) classification system to define eleven organ-specific major birth defect groups (nervous system, eye, ear–face–neck, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, oral clefts, digestive system, abdominal wall, urinary system, genital organs and limb), with additional subgroups. Fetuses or infants whose mothers used folic acid and/or multivitamin supplements before and during pregnancy were classified as exposed. During the years 1999–2013, 888 294 (99·0 %) live-born infants, 6633 (0·7 %) stillborn infants and 2135 (0·2 %) fetuses from terminated pregnancies due to fetal anomalies were registered in the MBRN. Among the live- and stillborn infants of women who used vitamin supplements compared with infants of non-users, the adjusted relative risk (aRR) was 0·94 (95 % CI 0·91, 0·98) for total birth defects (n 18 382). Supplement use was associated with reduced risk of abdominal wall defects (aRR 0·58; 95 % CI 0·42, 0·80, n 377), genital organ defects (aRR 0·81; 95 % CI 0·72, 0·91, n 2299) and limb defects (aRR 0·81; 95 % CI 0·74, 0·90, n 3409). Protective associations were also suggested for NTD, respiratory system defects and digestive system defects although CI included the null value of 1. During the full study period, statistically significant associations between supplement use and defects in the eye, ear–face–neck, heart or oral clefts were not observed.

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Er inntaket av jod i befolkningen tilstrekkelig?

Cited by 14 publications

References 23 publications

Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

Vegans, Vegetarians and Pescatarians Are at Risk of Iodine Deficiency in Norway

Maternal use of folic acid and multivitamin supplements and infant risk of birth defects in Norway, 1999–2013

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