Er³⁺-doped ultratransparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics for application in the 1.54 micron telecommunication window

Er3+- and Tm3+-Containing Ultra-Transparent Oxyfluoride-Based Glass Ceramics for Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Amplifiers

“…This behavior is quite similar to that in the erbium-doped oxyfluoride glass, where the nanocrystalline PbF 2 : Er 3+ phase grows and the crystallization peak shifts to lower temperature values as the ErF 3 concentration increases [8]. Figure 1 shows the DTA data of Tm 3+ -doped oxyfluoride glass.…”

“…The first crystallization peak is found at about 437 ° C, corresponding to the growth of the nanocrystalline PbF 2 : Tm 3+ phase nucleated by Tm 3+ dopants. As was previously reported [7][8][9], the size of the nanocrystals (free cubic PbF 2 hosting Er 3+ or Tm 3+ dopants) depends on the time and temperature of heat treatment. In particular, for the higher temperature heat treatments, we have the formation of glass ceramics wherein the nanocrystals have an average size of about 12 nm for erbium-doped and about 15 nm for thuliumdoped samples.…”

Tm3+-Activated Transparent Oxyfluoride Glass Ceramics: A Study by Raman Scattering of the Nanocrystal Size Distribution

“…Precursor Tm 3+ -doped glasses 32SiO 2 · 9AlO 1.5 · 31.5CdF 2 · 18.5PbF 2 · 5.5ZnF 2 · 3.5TmF 3 mol %, as well as the resulting glass ceramics, were prepared using the procedures described in [6,7]. The precursor glass (PG) was subjected to different heat-treatment schedules: 360 ° C for 5 h (GC A ), 400 ° C for 5 h (GC B ), 440 ° C for 15 min (GC C ), and 440 ° C for 5 h (GC D ) (table).…”

“…The cross sections of rare-earth optical transitions in crystals are usually higher than those in glasses [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The transparency of oxyfluoride glass ceramics is comparable to that of the precursor glass at all wavelengths [4,6].…”

“…Recently, we have shown that Er 3+ and Tm 3+ ions are nucleating agents of PbF 2 crystals in oxyfluoride glasses [6][7][8]. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements have shown that the crystallization peak shifts to lower temperatures with the rare-earth content and approaches the glass transition temperature, T g , for high doping levels [6].…”