ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill – Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation

Schneider, Klaus; Bierwisch, Anne; Kaiser, Eva

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137721

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Considering the studies aimed directly at the crumb rubber, a substantial controversy can also be found here. Some research reports stated that crumb rubber does not represent any serious risk [ 22 , 23 ]. On the other hand, the review work of Gomes et al [ 9 ] showed several times higher levels of PAHs, as compared to the above-mentioned research, which was documented by other investigators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution

et al. 2022

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End-of-life tires are utilized for various purposes, including sports pitches and playground surfaces. However, several substances used at the manufacture of tires can be a source of concerns related to human health or environment’s adverse effects. In this context, it is necessary to map whether this approach has the desired effect in a broader relation. While the negative effects on human health were investigated thoroughly and legislation is currently being revisited, the impact on aquatic or soil organisms has not been sufficiently studied. The present study deals with the exposure of freshwater and soil organisms to rubber crumb using the analysis of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. The obtained results refer to substantial concerns related to freshwater contamination specifically, since the increased concentrations of zinc (7 mg·L−1) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (58 mg·kg−1) inhibit the growth of freshwater organisms, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Lemna minor in particular. The performed test with soil organisms points to substantial concerns associated with the mortality of earthworms as well. The acquired knowledge can be perceived as a roadmap to a consistent approach in the implementation of the circular economy, which brings with it a number of so far insufficiently described problems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution

et al. 2022

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“…The presence of affordable rubber infill enabled a rapid growth in the number of artificial turf pitches. ECHA estimated that there are more than 13,000 large synthetic turf fields in European Union (data 2017) and even a higher number of mini-pitches [34]. These pitches are mainly used for football.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous human health concerns, based on the presence of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic substances in ELT granulate, have shown to be unnecessary. Several extensive risk assessments [8,29,34]), established that the chemical risk for humans, playing on artificial turf with ELT granulate, is negligible. However, ecosystems may be at risk because environmental quality criteria to protect ecosystems in soil have been exceeded for zinc, cobalt and mineral oil in several occasions [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of recycled tyre granulate used on artificial turf

Verschoor¹,

Gelderen²,

Hofstra³

2021

Environ Sci Eur

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The production of granulates as infill for artificial turf is able to process 21% of the end-of-life tyres in Europe, approximately 600 million kg per year. In doing so it avoids an annual CO2 emission comparable with the amount that could be absorbed by around 30 km2 of forest. However, dispersal of rubber infill to the environment is perceived as a problem. An amount of 3000–5000 kg granulate per field per year is currently used as underpinning for a European proposal to ban rubber infill as part of the intended restriction on intentionally added microplastics in 2021. By reviewing grey research reports, we found out that the dispersal rates are based on the false assumption that the annual granulate demand for refilling is necessary because of granulate losses to the environment. However, it has been ignored that part of the refill is needed because the infill layer settles and becomes more dense (compaction) and that part of the lost infill is collected and reused on the fields. In combination with unawareness and improper piling of snow in the past, these are the causes of the high estimates of infill dispersal per year. This paper shows the current state-of-knowledge about ELT granulate dispersal and shows that approximately 600–1200 kg refill is required annually to compensate for compaction and for some infill waste on pavements and in drainage sinks. Recommended mitigation measures are containment through optimized field and drainage construction, suitable maintenance equipment and practices and good-housekeeping rules for players and groundkeepers and handling end-of-life pitches. If these recommendations are implemented, the emission of ELT granulates to the environment can be reduced to virtually zero.

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“…[ghi]P, and plasticizers, such as diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) are considered as priority pollutants in surface waters by the European Union (Regulation, 2008/105/EC), whereas other phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), as well as the 16 PAHs are considered as priority substances by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA,). Thus, crumb rubber may constitute a potential chemical hazard for humans and the environment (Oomen and De Groot, 2017;Pronk et al, 2018;Schneider et al, 2020aSchneider et al, , 2020b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are some studies dedicated to the presence of contaminants in crumb rubber, the last reports available from regulatory bodies (Schneider et al, 2020a(Schneider et al, , 2020b(Schneider et al, , 2020c stress the need for more extensive monitoring for a better assessment of the risks for human health and the environment. Most of the available studies are focused on specific geographical areas and usually include only a few samples and compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of chemicals of environmental concern in crumb rubber and water leachates from several types of synthetic turf football pitches

et al. 2021

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ERASSTRI - European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill – Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution

Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution

Fate of recycled tyre granulate used on artificial turf

Evaluation of chemicals of environmental concern in crumb rubber and water leachates from several types of synthetic turf football pitches

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