Ergot Alkaloids and their Hallucinogenic Potential in Morning Glories

Steiner, Ulrike; Leistner, Eckhard

doi:10.1055/a-0577-8049

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Classic or serotoninergic psychedelic compounds are so called mainly because they interact with the serotonergic system and most of them derive from plants or are semisynthetics (Andén et al, 1968;Glennon et al, 1984;Vollenweider et al, 1998). Serotonergic psychedelics include 1) the semisynthetic ergoline LSD; 2) plant-derived tryptamines, such as psilocybin (the active ingredient found in "magic mushrooms"), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT, the active ingredient in ayahuasca), 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT), and lysergic acid amide (the active ingredient in morning glories); and 3) phenethylamines, such as mescaline (the active ingredient in the peyote and San Pedro cacti), and phenethylamine-based synthetic designer drugs (Vollenweider et al, 2007;Maciulaitis et al, 2008;Passie et al, 2008;Vollenweider and Kometer, 2010;Dean et al, 2013;Steiner and Leistner, 2018;Dinis-Oliveira et al, 2019). In some cases, they share part of the chemical structure with the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT)-in particular, the indole scaffold.…”

Section: Classical or Serotonergic Psychedelics Versus Nonclassical Psychedelics: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

2020

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Mounting evidence suggests safety and efficacy of psychedelic compounds as potential novel therapeutics in psychiatry. Ketamine has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in a new class of antidepressants, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is undergoing phase III clinical trials for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are being investigated in several phase II and phase I clinical trials. Hence, the concept of psychedelics as therapeutics may be incorporated into modern society. Here, we discuss the main known neurobiological therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics, which are thought to be mediated by the effects of these compounds on the serotonergic (via 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 1A receptors) and glutamatergic [via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors] systems. We focus on 1) neuroplasticity mediated by the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin-, brain-derived neurotrophic factor-, and early growth response-related pathways; 2) immunomodulation via effects on the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis, nuclear factor ĸB, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin 1, 6, and 10 204 Inserra et al.

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Section: Classical or Serotonergic Psychedelics Versus Nonclassical Psychedelics: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

2020

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“…Specifically, petiolar nectaries and calycinal glands appear to provide indirect defense against herbivores by attracting guard ants [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ], and the calycinal glands may also protect flowers and fruit from abiotic stressors [ 26 , 58 ]. Foliar glands appear to be related to a wide array of defensive mechanisms, e.g., reducing herbivory through secretion of plant metabolites or by harboring beneficial microbes, as well as providing protection against abiotic stress in hot and dry environments [ 19 , 25 , 36 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Schum.) A. Robyns in the Malvaceae family) [ 36 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ,…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Functional Ecology of External Secretory Structures in Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae)

Chitchak

Stewart

Traiperm

2022

Plants

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Plants have evolved numerous secretory structures that fulfill diverse roles and shape their interactions with other organisms. Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) is one species that possesses various external secretory organs hypothesized to be ecologically important. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate five secretory structures (nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, staminal hairs, and foliar glands) using micromorphology, anatomy, histochemistry, and field observations of plant–animal interactions in order to assess the functional contributions of these structures. Results show that the nectary disc and petiolar nectaries are complex working units consisting of at least epidermis and ground tissue, while the other structures are glandular trichomes. Various groups of metabolites (lipids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids) were detected in all structures, while starch grains were only found in the nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, and their adjacent tissues. Integrating preliminary observation of animal visitors with micromorphological, anatomical, and histochemical results, two hypotheses are proposed: (I) nectary disc and staminal hairs are important for pollination as they potentially attract and reward floral visitors, and (II) petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, and foliar glands contribute to plant defense. Specifically, petiolar nectaries and calycinal glands provide protection from herbivores via guard ants, while calycinal and foliar glands may use plant metabolites to help prevent tissue damage from dehydration and insolation.

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“…associated with morning glories ( Florea et al. 2017 , Steiner & Leistner 2018 ). Ergot alkaloids became infamous in particular due to their detrimental effects on humans and livestock as they interact with serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic receptors.…”

Section: Biosynthetic Diversity Of Selected Pathways In the Hypoxylaceaementioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in the fungal family Hypoxylaceae and Xylaria hypoxylon

Kuhnert

Navarro-Muñoz

Becker

et al. 2021

Studies in Mycology

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To date little is known about the genetic background that drives the production and diversification of secondary metabolites in the Hypoxylaceae . With the recent availability of high-quality genome sequences for 13 representative species and one relative ( Xylaria hypoxylon ) we attempted to survey the diversity of biosynthetic pathways in these organisms to investigate their true potential as secondary metabolite producers. Manual search strategies based on the accumulated knowledge on biosynthesis in fungi enabled us to identify 783 biosynthetic pathways across 14 studied species, the majority of which were arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC). The similarity of BGCs was analysed with the BiG-SCAPE engine which organised the BGCs into 375 gene cluster families (GCF). Only ten GCFs were conserved across all of these fungi indicating that speciation is accompanied by changes in secondary metabolism. From the known compounds produced by the family members some can be directly correlated with identified BGCs which is highlighted herein by the azaphilone, dihydroxynaphthalene, tropolone, cytochalasan, terrequinone, terphenyl and brasilane pathways giving insights into the evolution and diversification of those compound classes. Vice versa , products of various BGCs can be predicted through homology analysis with known pathways from other fungi as shown for the identified ergot alkaloid, trigazaphilone, curvupallide, viridicatumtoxin and swainsonine BGCs. However, the majority of BGCs had no obvious links to known products from the Hypoxylaceae or other well-studied biosynthetic pathways from fungi. These findings highlight that the number of known compounds strongly underrepresents the biosynthetic potential in these fungi and that a tremendous number of unidentified secondary metabolites is still hidden. Moreover, with increasing numbers of genomes for further Hypoxylaceae species becoming available, the likelihood of revealing new biosynthetic pathways that encode new, potentially useful compounds will significantly improve. Reaching a better understanding of the biology of these producers, and further development of genetic methods for their manipulation, will be crucial to access their treasures.

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Ergot Alkaloids and their Hallucinogenic Potential in Morning Glories

Cited by 19 publications

References 43 publications

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Functional Ecology of External Secretory Structures in Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae)

Secondary metabolite biosynthetic diversity in the fungal family Hypoxylaceae and Xylaria hypoxylon

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