Ergovaline Distribution in Perennial Ryegrass Naturally Infected with Endophyte

Lane, Geoffrey A.; Ball, Olivier J.-P.; Davies, E. B.; Davidson, C. R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_10

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Elevated ergovaline concentrations in emerged seed-heads (Lane et al 1997b) is the most likely reason for the peak in H pastures in December 1995 (Fig. 5), when rainfall was 34% above average.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, persistence, and alkaloid levels of endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free ryegrass pastures grazed by dairy cows in northern New Zealand

Thom¹,

Clark²,

Waugh³

1999

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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A farm-scale trial was conducted over three years at the Dairying Research Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand to compare the growth and persistence of endophyte-infected and endophytefree perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pastures established with or without white clover (Trifolium repens), when rotationally grazed by dairy cows. Endophyte-free ryegrass areas were also undersown with endophyte-free seed in March and April of the second and third years, respectively. Average total herbage yields were similar for all treatments in each of the three years, ranging from 12.8 to 13.9 t DM ha -1 . Pasture growth rates in all treatments were lowest in the first summer/autumn after drilling, averaging 17 kg DM ha -1 day -1 for 90 days, coinciding with the highest herbage concentrations of lolitrem B (2.37 to 3.04 µg g -1 DM) in the highendophyte ryegrass. Ergovaline herbage concentrations rarely exceeded 1 µg g -1 DM and were highest (1.6 µg g -1 DM) in high-endophyte ryegrass pastures at the start of the third summer (December 1995), probably because of a high seed-head content (30% of DM). Contamination of endophyte-free ryegrass areas with volunteer endophyte-infected ryegrass was rapid, averaging 26, 41, and 50% of plants after the first, second, and third years from sowing, respectively. Further research is required to identify sources of this contamination and A 98065Received 21 December 1998; accepted 6 May 1999 management strategies to maintain purity of endophyte-free ryegrass or ryegrass containing novel endophytes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, persistence, and alkaloid levels of endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free ryegrass pastures grazed by dairy cows in northern New Zealand

Thom¹,

Clark²,

Waugh³

1999

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…Aside from the obvious effect of the different endophyte biotypes, these concentrations can be affected by the host-plant genotype (Easton et al 2002), the reproductive status of the plant (Lane et al 1997) and tissue position and age (Spiering et al 2005). This has resulted in a diverse array of outcomes and conclusions, all pertaining to the overlapping aspect of ergovaline exposure in livestock.…”

Section: The Interface Of Ergovaline and Herbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 1. Animal physiology and metabolism

Klotz

Nicol

2016

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract. Ergovaline is an ergot alkaloid found in some endophyte-infected ryegrasses and it has been implicated in the expression of ergotism-like symptoms of grazing livestock, as well as in the protection of the plant against invertebrate predation and abiotic stresses. These selection pressures have resulted in a conflict between the needs of the pasture for persistence and the needs of the animal for production. Ergovaline has not been well studied in terms of animal physiology until recently. There are several putative mechanisms that limit the bioavailability of ergovaline, ranging from microbial biotransformation to post-absorptive hepatic detoxification. Although there are mechanisms that protect the animal from ergovaline exposure, tissues are very sensitive to ergovaline, indicating that ergovaline is very potent and that small quantities have the potential to cause noticeable physiological effects. The range of physiological effects, including decreased circulating prolactin, vasoconstriction and increased susceptibility to heat stress are all linked to the interaction of ergovaline with biogenic amine receptors found throughout the body. This review will focus on understanding the variation of ergovaline concentration in terms of bioavailability, the myriad of hurdles a molecule of ergovaline must overcome to cause an effect, what the ergovaline-induced effects are in New Zealand livestock and how this relates to the potency of ergovaline.

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“…the basal region. (Lane et al 1997). Concentrations of ergovaline decrease from basal to apical regions of the vegetative plant, with the crown or lowest 5 mm of basal stem having the highest (0.5-5 mg/kg DM) and leaf having the lowest (0.0-0.5 mg/kg DM) concentrations (Lane et al 1997).…”

Section: Anatomical Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Lane et al 1997). Concentrations of ergovaline decrease from basal to apical regions of the vegetative plant, with the crown or lowest 5 mm of basal stem having the highest (0.5-5 mg/kg DM) and leaf having the lowest (0.0-0.5 mg/kg DM) concentrations (Lane et al 1997). The distribution of the endophyte mycelium, although correlated, showed only a weak correlation with alkaloid accumulation in the tissues and appears to be only a minor factor in determining alkaloid concentrations.…”

Section: Anatomical Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential impacts of these aspects are discussed in subsequent sections of the present review. The concentration of ergovaline can also be affected by the host-plant genotype (Easton et al 2002), the reproductive status of the plant (Lane et al 1997) and tissue position and age (Spiering et al 2005). The implication of this within-plant variation in ergovaline concentration is that when grazing is concentrated in the higher pasture horizons, thus being mainly leaf, ergovaline intake will be low compared with that when grazing includes or is exclusively focussed on the lower horizons.…”

Section: Anatomical Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 2. Intake and impact on animal production, with reference to New Zealand

Nicol

Klotz

2016

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract. On the basis of published reports, the daily intake of the alkaloid ergovaline from the consumption of endophyte-containing ryegrass in New Zealand ranges from 0.008 to 0.287 mg ergovaline/kg LW 0.75 .day. Most of the reports are based on the use of standard endophyte-containing ryegrass and, thus, it is difficult to disassociate the impact of ergovaline consumption from that of lolitrem B. However, physiological effects of ergovaline consumption, such as reduced circulating prolactin concentration, vasoconstriction and elevated core temperature, have been detected at fairly low ergovaline intake, whereas decreased feed intake, liveweight gain and milk production have not generally been observed in animals at an intake below 0.07 mg ergovaline/kg LW 0.75 .day. Intakes above this value represent only 17% of published values. There are insufficient data to suggest a threshold ergovaline intake associated with heat stress with animal-welfare implications. The relationship between published ergovaline intake and the corresponding ergovaline concentration in pasture is poor (R 2 = 0.48), but on average an intake of 0.07 ergovaline/kg LW 0.75 .day is associated with an ergovaline concentration in ryegrass of 0.70 mg/kg DM. About 16-18% of published ergovaline concentrations in ryegrass pasture exceed this value. The ergovaline concentration in ryegrass is greater in the basal parts of the plant than in the leaf and during the late summer-autumn than in spring. Animals grazing in the lower sward horizons (horizontal grazing plane) are more at risk of high ergovaline intake, although the reduction in grazing intake induced by grazing at low pasture height aids in limiting ergovaline intake. As pasture growth rates decline in late summer, supplementary feed may be used to maintain stocking rate and, if such feeds have zero ergovaline concentration, they serve to dilute the mean dietary ergovaline intake. Ergovaline-containing ryegrass pastures are widely used in New Zealand. It appears that farmers consider the risks of depressed animal production on these pastures to be less than the benefits ergovaline bestows through its deterrent effect of specific insect attack and thus greater survival and pasture persistence.

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Ergovaline Distribution in Perennial Ryegrass Naturally Infected with Endophyte

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Growth, persistence, and alkaloid levels of endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free ryegrass pastures grazed by dairy cows in northern New Zealand

Growth, persistence, and alkaloid levels of endophyte‐infected and endophyte‐free ryegrass pastures grazed by dairy cows in northern New Zealand

Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 1. Animal physiology and metabolism

Ergovaline, an endophytic alkaloid. 2. Intake and impact on animal production, with reference to New Zealand

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