Ernst-Wilhelm Bohle. Gauleiter im Dienst von Partei und Staat.

Selling Weimar. German Public Diplomacy and the United States, 1918–1933

“…24 The German Foreign Ministry systematically cultivated American news correspondents in Berlin, 25 subsidized the agitation against German "war guilt, " and aided nonstate and semiofficial bodies like the Berlin-based Vereinigung Carl Schurz in their transatlantic endeavors. 26 Moreover, Michael Wala has skillfully, if briefly, sketched Weimar's attempts to draw on the emotional attachments of German Americans as well as the networks and prestige of German universities to re-establish Germany's standing across the Atlantic. 27 But even though scholars have begun to investigate certain aspects of Weimar's public diplomacy toward the United States, there is no comprehensive study on this topic.…”

“…25 "The Weimar Republic, " Klaus Schwabe concluded, "was to America an unwanted or, at best, a half-wanted child. " 26 Even without American encouragement, however, Germany's unrealistic hopes in a benevolent "Wilson peace" continued to flourish during the armistice.…”

“…25 The Venezuelan Crisis of 1902/03, in particular, intensified longer-standing U. S. apprehensions about Germany's imperialist ambitions in Latin America and its apparent disregard for the Monroe Doctrine. 26 In the years that followed, Germany's shortsighted obstruction of an arbitration agreement with the United States ignited further qualms about its intentions. 27 Americans began to perceive Germany as an increasingly milita-23 Manfred Jonas, The United States and Germany: A Diplomatic History (Ithaca, NY, 1984), 19-23.…”

“…25 Bernhard Dernburg, who had directed Germany's wartime propaganda office in New York until 1915, seconded the Amerika-Institut's interpretation and declared it a "very valuable cultural bridge (…) and a welcome opportunity to resume or establish -in a politically unassailable form -ties with influential circles in the United States. " 26 Bernstorff, the former ambassador to Washington, likewise stressed the Amerika-Institut's role as a "not to be underestimated substitute" for the "almost hopeless" endeavor of "open propaganda. " 27 institution, he believed, the Amerika-Institut could help re-establish for Germany a measure of trust and influence in the United States.…”

International Networks and Cross-Border Cooperation: National Socialist Women and the Vision of a ‘New Order’ in Europe

“…17 In Germany, efforts were made to organize and monitor German citizens living abroad as well as German-speaking minority populations who were citizens of other states. 18 A further strand of research on fascism from a transnational perspective looks at the efforts to create international Fascist-or Nazi-led organizations. Some of this research has looked at the short-lived Italian-led movement for 'Universal Fascism' that reached a brief high point with the Montreux meeting in December 1934.…”