“…An approach describing systems in compactified spaces is derived as a generalization of both the Matsubara formalism, involving the Fourier series, [6,17,18,19] and TFD [20]. There are numerous applications of such a formalism, including the Casimir effect for the electromagnetic and fermion fields within a box [20,21], the λφ 4 model describing the order parameter for the Ginsburg-Landau theory for superconductors [22], and the Gross-Neveu model as an effective approach for QCD [23,24]. The extension of this method to the Fourier integral representation is important to address many other problems in a topology Γ d D that are of interest in different areas, such as cosmology, condensed matter and particle physics [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].…”