Erratum: High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [<i>J. Electrochem. Soc.</i>, 159, A1806 (2012)]

Cho, Kyu Taek; Ridgway, Paul; Weber, Adam Z.; Haussener, Sophia; Battaglia, Vincent; Srinivasan, Venkat

doi:10.1149/2.006308jes

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Bromine has been demonstrated in many flow battery systems, [35][36][37] and the reaction has very fast kinetics without the need for any precious metal based catalyst, 2 Br 2e 2Br…”

Section: High Power Modementioning

confidence: 99%

“…To achieve a higher power output, an extra oxidant that can operate in a similar voltage range as the low power mode and compatible with an aqueous electrolyte is necessary. Bromine has been demonstrated in many ow battery systems, [35][36][37] and the reaction has very fast kinetics without the need for any precious metal based catalyst,…”

Section: High Power Modementioning

confidence: 99%

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A dual-mode rechargeable lithium–bromine/oxygen fuel cell

2015

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ARTICLEIn order to meet the versatile power requirements of the autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), we propose a rechargeable lithium-bromine/seawater fuel cell with a protected lithium metal anode to provide high specific energy at either low-power mode with seawater (oxygen) or high-power mode with bromine catholytes. The proof-of-concept fuel cell with a flat catalyst-free graphite electrode can discharge at 3mW/cm 2 with seawater, and 9mW/cm 2 with dilute bromine catholytes. The fuel cell can also be recharged with LiBr catholytes efficiently to recover the lithium metal anode. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that both the organic electrolye and the bromine electrolyte corrode the solid electrolyte plate quickly, leading to nanoporous pathways that can percolate through the plate, thus limiting the cell performance and lifetime. With improved solid electrolytes or membraneless flow designs, the dual-mode lithium-bromine/oxygen system could enable not only AUV but also land-based electric vehicles, by providing a critical high-power mode to high-energy-density (but otherwise low-power) lithium-air batteries.Broader context: Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) have important potential applications in energy and environmental science, such as ocean monitoring for climate analysis, marine animal observation, undersea oil platform and pipeline inspection, and remote surveillance of submerged structures, bridges, ships, and harbours. Seawater-based fuel cells for AUV are attractive for long-time missions, but have low power, below the needs of communication and propulsion, while Li-ion batteries offer higher power for short times (<1 hour). This paper presents a rechargeable dual-mode lithium-oxygen/bromine fuel cell capable of running on seawater at low power with bromine injected on demand for higher power, analogous to nitrous oxide fuel injection in race cars with traditional internal combustion engines. Besides AUV, this dual-mode concept could also be an enabling technology for land-based electric vehicles, by providing high-power operation to lithium-air batteries, whose high energy densities are otherwise compromised by low power.

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“…Bromine has been demonstrated in many flow battery systems, [35][36][37] and the reaction has very fast kinetics without the need for any precious metal based catalyst, 2 Br 2e 2Br…”

Section: High Power Modementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: High Power Modementioning

confidence: 99%

A dual-mode rechargeable lithium–bromine/oxygen fuel cell

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To achieve a higher power output, an extra oxidant that can operate in a similar voltage range as the low power mode and compatible with an aqueous electrolyte is necessary. Bromine has been demonstrated in many flow battery systems, [35][36][37] and the reaction has very fast kinetics without the need for any precious metal based catalyst, 2 Br 2e 2Br…”

Section: High Power Modementioning

confidence: 99%

A Dual-Mode Rechargeable Lithium-Bromine/Oxygen Fuel Cell

2015

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Increasing global energy demand has driven the exploitation of oil reservoirs in deep oceans. The high risk of oil spill due to unexpected failures of undersea facilities urges the deployment of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) for frequent and thorough inspections in these extreme environments that humans cannot easily access. To meet the long endurance and occasionally high power requirements of the AUV, we propose a lithium-bromine/oxygen fuel cell with a protected lithium metal anode to provide high specific energy at either low-power mode with seawater (oxygen) or high-power mode with bromine catholytes. The proof-of-concept fuel cell with a flat catalyst-free graphite electrode can discharge at 3mW/cm2 with seawater, and 9mW/cm2 with dilute bromine catholytes. The fuel cell can also be recharged with LiBr catholytes efficiently to recover the lithium metal anode. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that both the organic electrolye and the bromine electrolyte corrode the solid electrolyte plate quickly, leading to nanoporous pathways that can percolate through the plate, thus limiting the cell performance and lifetime. With improved solid electrolytes or membraneless flow designs, the dual-mode lithium-bromine/oxygen system could enable not only AUV but also land-based electric vehicles, by providing a critical high-power mode to high-energy-density (but otherwise low-power) lithium-air batteries.

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“…Accordingly, an increase in hydrogen based hybrid RFBs has been observed in recent years for example with systems such as H 2 /Fe, H 2 /Br 2 , H 2 /Ce, as well as the H 2 /V discussed here. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Those systems benefit from the fast kinetics of the hydrogen reaction, and absence of crosscontamination through mixing of liquid anolyte and catholyte. While the crossover of the catholyte is still possible, it can be collected on the anode side and pumped back.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Loss Mechanisms Using Half-Cell Measurements in a Regenerative Hydrogen Vanadium Fuel Cell

Dewage

Yufit

Brandon

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The positioning of reference electrodes in redox flow batteries without disturbing the cell operation represents a great challenge. However decoupling anode and cathode processes is crucial in order to fully understand the losses in the system so it can be further optimized. The feasibility of a regenerative fuel cell based on an V(IV)/V(V) electrolyte and hydrogen gas has previously been demonstrated. In this investigation, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the various losses of the cathode, anode and whole cell were established using an alternative reference electrode set-up. The findings showed that the largest irreversible losses under the conditions tested arose from diffusion limitations in the cathode and the effect of vanadium crossover and therefore adsorption onto the platinum layer of the hydrogen electrode leading to higher losses on the anode. These results highlight the potential for further improvement and optimization of cell design and materials for both electrodes in the Redox flow batteries (RFBs) also called regenerative fuel cells are one of the promising candidates for large scale energy storage. They offer the ability to convert electrical energy into chemical energy which is stored in external tanks containing two redox couples. The anolyte and catholyte are respectively pumped through the anode and cathode of the electrochemical cell where at discharge the chemical energy is converted back to electrical energy.1 One of the attractive features of these batteries is their flexibility in decoupling power and energy as the power is determined by the stack size and active surface area of each cell while the energy available depends on the electrolyte volume and concentration.2 Furthermore, RFBs also present additional advantages such as fast response time (∼milliseconds), site independence, low environmental footprint, high depth of discharge, high reliability, high energy efficiency (ca. 85%) and long life cycle (>13 000 cycles). 3-5The all-vanadium redox battery (VRB), initially developed by Skyllas-Kazacos, is regarded as one of the most promising RFBs and is already available commercially where it is utilized for load levelling, power quality control and renewable energy deployment. 6,7 Expertise gained on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) can be applied to RFB research due to their similarities. Accordingly, an increase in hydrogen based hybrid RFBs has been observed in recent years for example with systems such as H 2 /Fe, H 2 /Br 2 , H 2 /Ce, as well as the H 2 /V discussed here. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Those systems benefit from the fast kinetics of the hydrogen reaction, and absence of crosscontamination through mixing of liquid anolyte and catholyte. While the crossover of the catholyte is still possible, it can be collected on the anode side and pumped back.In order to decouple the anode and cathode processes, reference electrodes (REs) are usually incorporated into RFB rigs. Similarly to fuel cells, the positioning of a reference electrode in an RFB is not a ...

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Erratum: High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage [J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A1806 (2012)]

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

A dual-mode rechargeable lithium–bromine/oxygen fuel cell

A dual-mode rechargeable lithium–bromine/oxygen fuel cell

A Dual-Mode Rechargeable Lithium-Bromine/Oxygen Fuel Cell

Study of Loss Mechanisms Using Half-Cell Measurements in a Regenerative Hydrogen Vanadium Fuel Cell

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