We analyze the sensitivity of next-generation tonne-scale neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) experiments and searches for same-sign di-electrons plus jets at the Large Hadron Collider to TeV scale lepton number violating interactions. Taking into account previously unaccounted for physics and detector backgrounds at the LHC, renormalization group evolution, and long-range contributions to 0νββ nuclear matrix elements, we find that the reach of tonne-scale 0νββ generally exceeds that of the LHC for a class of simplified models. However, for a range of heavy particle masses near the TeV scale, the high luminosity LHC and tonne-scale 0νββ may provide complementary probes. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.93.093002 Total lepton number (L) is a conserved quantum number at the classical level in the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, yet it is not conserved in many scenarios for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). Experimentally, the observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0νββ decay) of atomic nuclei would provide direct evidence for lepton number violation (LNV 25 years. When interpreted in terms of the exchange of light Majorana neutrinos, these limits imply an upper bound of order 100-400 meV on the 0νββ-decay effective mass m ββ , depending on the value of the nuclear matrix element employed in this extraction [11]. The next generation of "tonne scale" 0νββ-decay searches aim for half-life sensitivities of order ∼10 27 years, with a corresponding m ββ sensitivity on the order of tens of meV, consistent with expectations based on the inverted hierarchy (IH) for the light neutrino mass spectrum. In this interpretive framework, a null result would imply that either neutrinos are Majorana particles with a mass spectrum in the normal hierarchy (NH) or that they are Dirac fermions.It is possible that neutrino oscillation studies may determine the neutrino mass hierarchy before the next generation 0νββ-decay searches reach their goal sensitivity. Should the hierarchy turn out to be normal, a null result from the tonne-scale 0νββ-decay experiments would not be surprising. However, alternate decay mechanisms could still lead to observation of a signal in the next generation searches, even if the light neutrino spectrum follows the NH and the value of m ββ is experimentally inaccessible. These mechanisms include radiative neutrino mass scenarios [12] and the TeV-scale seesaw mechanism [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] [20]. In these scenarios, the LNV interactions may involve particles whose masses are of order one TeV and whose exchange generates short range interactions that lead to 0νββ decay. Straightforward arguments indicate that the resulting 0νββ-decay half-life can be of order 10 27 yr or shorter, comparable to expectations based on the three light Majorana exchange mechanism and the IH [21]. The associated light Majorana masses may nevertheless follow the NH with m ββ well below the meV scale.How might one experimentally distinguish the TeV LNV scenario for 0νββ decay from the more conventional paradigm base...