Erratum to “Whole bovine blood use in forensic research: Sample preparation and storage considerations” [Sci. Justice 61 (3) (2021) 214–220]

Alginate/xanthan gum hydrogels as forensic blood substitutes for bloodstain formation and analysis

“…The bovine blood contained 12.5% v/v acid citrate dextrose (ACD-A) anticoagulant, which has previously demonstrated similar properties to human blood. 10 The fluid properties of the bovine blood were measured, including the viscosity, density, surface tension and packed cell volume (PCV%). All bovine blood properties except the PCV% were analyzed at both room temperature (21.8 1C AE 0.4 1C, 38% AE 8% RH) and physiological temperature (37 1C AE 2 1C) in a similar manner to the synthetic materials.…”

“…21 Ideally, MP concentration would be representative of the PCV% of human blood, which typically ranges from 40-50%. [6][7][8]10,32,[54][55][56] Our cellular components only account for 9.5% v/v of the total material, largely due to the size of MPs used (approximately 22 mm) compared to the typical RBC size. Interestingly, the morphology of some of the MPs when visualized with SEM appears to have biconcave shapes and sizes similar to RBCs (Fig.…”

“…[3][4][5] These obstacles have driven the need for whole-blood alternatives in forensic science research and training, particularly alternatives that can simulate ex vivo formation and degradation conditions for blood. While an influx of research has been conducted to understand and validate appropriate mammalian sources, [6][7][8][9][10][11] the use of whole animal blood can still pose procurement issues and has limited capabilities in training (e.g., cannot generate human genetic profiles). The use of synthetic materials that can simulate blood behaviour in forensic scenarios (forensic blood substitutes, or FBSs) on multiple levels (physical, biological, and chemical) can provide valuable materials for forensic science research and training.…”

Rheological profiles of DNA extracts from forensic bloodstain samples

“…ACD-A was made by dissolving 0.8550 g of dextrose anhydrous, 0.8448 g of sodium citric dextrose, and 0.3072 g of citric acid, all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON), to 62.5 mL of Milli-Page|7 Q® water. RNA extracted from bovine blood with and without anticoagulant has shown no significant differences in concentration or quality metrics over time, suggesting that nucleic acid extraction can be successfully performed using anticoagulated bovine blood 49 ; it has also demonstrated utility in other TSD experiments 50,51 . Bovine blood appears to have superior erythrocyte properties than other blood analogues 50,51 .…”

“…RNA extracted from bovine blood with and without anticoagulant has shown no significant differences in concentration or quality metrics over time, suggesting that nucleic acid extraction can be successfully performed using anticoagulated bovine blood 49 ; it has also demonstrated utility in other TSD experiments 50,51 . Bovine blood appears to have superior erythrocyte properties than other blood analogues 50,51 . However, there are still differences in fluid dynamics between bovine and human blood that might need to be considered 52 .…”