Erratum to: Widespread endocrine activity in river sediments in Hesse, Germany, assessed by a combination of in vitro and in vivo bioassays

Poison in paradise: increase of toxic effects in restored sections of two rivers jeopardizes the success of hydromorphological restoration measures

“…The reproduction of mudsnails at the river Nidda was much higher than at the river Horloff, which can partially be explained by the higher water temperature in May 2017 in the Nidda (N1: 18.1 ± 2.07 °C) compared to the Horloff in March 2017 (H1: 9.82 ± 1.97 °C), since reproduction of P. antipodarum is temperature-dependent [100] and snails in the river Nidda were exposed almost to their optimum temperature [101]. Besides the substantially higher water temperature, the significantly higher estrogenic activity in combination with a higher bioavailability due to lower organic carbon contents and higher mean particle sizes (Table 1) [96][97][98] in the Nidda is a likely cause for the higher embryo numbers in P. antipodarum compared to the river Horloff [42,47,80,95]. The higher reproduction at the reference sites of the Nidda compared to the Horloff is likely due to higher water temperature and higher estrogen exposure as measured by the YES.…”

“…Potamopyrgus antipodarum, the New Zealand mudsnail, was chosen as test organism, as it is a standard organism in the testing of chemicals according to OECD guideline 242 [40] and reacts sensitively towards reproductive toxicants including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [41][42][43]. Besides, P. antipodarum has successfully been used in field studies to evaluate the conditions of rivers and environmental samples [44][45][46][47][48].…”

Detection of chemically induced ecotoxicological effects in rivers of the Nidda catchment (Hessen, Germany) and development of an ecotoxicological, Water Framework Directive–compliant assessment system

“…Potamopyrgus antipodarum was selected due to its sensitivity towards reproductive toxicants, including disrupting chemicals (EDCs) [34][35][36][37]. Therefore, it is a standard organism in toxicity testing of chemicals according to OECD guideline 242 [38] and has already been used successfully for the assessment of environmental conditions [18,37,39,40]. The mudsnail originates from New Zealand and has been introduced to Europe as an invasive species via ballast water from ships in the 19 th century [34].…”

“…To measure and assess the current ecotoxicological conditions of the rivers in the catchment of the Nidda, active biomonitoring campaigns and laboratory experiments with gammarids and snails, as well as in vitro assays with water and sediment samples were conducted quarterly over the course of 1 year. Thereby, the active biomonitoring campaigns represent temporally integrated exposures and gammarids and snails are known to respond to a vast number of substances, as well as different types of toxicity [17][18][19][20]. Therefore, active biomonitoring campaigns provide in vivo effects that best reflect the real conditions of rivers.…”