Error Analysis and Some Suggestions on Animal Stereotactic Experiment from Inaccuracy of Rhesus Macaques Atlas

The Accuracy and Feasibility of Robotic Assisted Lead Implantation in Nonhuman Primates

“…However, unlike traditional MRI‐guided human stereotaxy, NHP stereotaxic experiments were based on an anatomical atlas. Our previous study and other studies have revealed that a considerable coordinate error could exist in stereotaxy based on the atlas model . Our previous study attempted to overcome inaccurate DBS positioning with postoperative MRI; nevertheless, it still lacked accuracy and resulted in increased surgical injury because of repeated placement .…”

“…Our previous study and other studies have revealed that a considerable coordinate error could exist in stereotaxy based on the atlas model . Our previous study attempted to overcome inaccurate DBS positioning with postoperative MRI; nevertheless, it still lacked accuracy and resulted in increased surgical injury because of repeated placement . Inconsistencies between the atlas and the experimental monkey brain could be attributed to brain structure and volume heterogeneity among individual monkeys; the authors of the atlas stated that their data originated from one adult monkey, and differences may exist in other monkeys .…”

“…Traditional animal stereotaxy, based on an anatomical atlas, is the most common method of drug administration and electrode implantation . Nevertheless, considerable differences in coordinates may exist between the experimental and “atlas” animals, and an approximate difference of 1 cm was observed in our previous study . Another related technique is pneumoencephalography, in which the anterior commissure‐posterior commissure (AC‐PC) is visible, and is combined with the frame to improve accuracy, which has been used for electrode implantation in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) .…”

Feasibility and performance of a frameless stereotactic system for targeting subcortical nuclei in nonhuman primates

“…Depth electrodes have historically been implanted in preclinical models through frame-based stereotactic surgery using target coordinates derived from published atlases, 1,14 a process not unlike early human stereotaxy. It is well-established, however, that this methodology presents challenges that limit its overall precision, 26,33 including its inability to correct for inherent variability in neuroanatomy across specimens. Human neurosurgery has made progress in enhancing targeting accuracy through the use of patient-specific anatomical imaging to refine surgical target localization.…”