“…For example, adolescent anxiety and externalizing comorbidity is associated with increased risk for alcohol and substance abuse problems (e.g., Egerton et al, 2020), although some research has found protective effects of anxiety (e.g., Colder et al, 2017). With respect to the neuropsychological literature, some studies have indicated that adults with substance use disorders (SUD) demonstrate a decreased ERN (Franken, Ivan Strien, Franzek, & van de Wetering, 2007; Luijten et al, 2014), a relationship that has been extended to cocaine abuse (Franken et al, 2007; Morie, De Sanctis, Garavan, & Foxe, 2014; Sokhadze, Stewart, Hollifield, & Tasman 2008), smoking (Luijten, van Meel, & Franken, 2011), and current alcohol use and abuse (Bartholow, Henry, Lust, Saults, & Wood, 2012; Gorka et al, 2019; Smith & Mattick, 2013). The extent to which ERN and alcohol and substance abuse patterns are predicted by anxiety and externalizing comorbidities with childhood onset is unknown.…”