Errors in Drying Silage and Feces for Protein and Energy Determinations. Improved Procedures

Colovos, N. F.; Keener, H.A.; Davis, Heather A.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(57)94458-2

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The loss of excreta nitrogen at a temperature of 100 C is of minor consequence in the determination of dry matter digestibility or metabolizable energy, but is of major concern in nitrogen balance studies. In the drying of cattle feces at 65 C, a large nitrogen loss (11.9%) was reported by Colovos et al (1957), whereas a smaller nitrogen loss (5.2%) was reported by Bratzler and Swift (1959). Shannon and Brown (1969) reported nitrogen losses of 3.5, 5.1,4.5, and 7.6% for one poultry excreta sample and 5.9, 4.2, 11.1, and 13.5% for a second sample when freeze-dried or oven dried at 60, 100, and 120 C, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Manoukas et al (1964) reported average energy losses of 12% from oven dried poultry excreta at 65 C. Losses from samples of fresh excreta derived from different hens ranged from 1.2 to 20.2%. Colovos et al (1957) also reported large energy losses averaging 14% (ranging from 4 to 21%) when cattle feces were oven dried at 65 C; because of these unexplained wide ranges in energy losses, the validity of their conclusions may be seriously questioned.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

Blake

Pötter

1987

Poultry Science

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Three experiments were conducted to determine nitrogen, energy, and dry matter loss associated with the drying and grinding of poultry feed and excreta. Freeze-dried and 60 C oven dried excreta samples incurred similar weight losses; however, weight losses increased linearly when excreta samples were oven dried at 60, 100, or 120 C. Substantial sample losses (3.5 to 5.2%) due to grinding were observed. No nitrogen or energy losses from drying were detected from analyses of fresh and dried excreta.In the second experiment, feed (150 g) and excreta (150 g), which had been dried at 40 C and equilibrated with atmospheric moisture, were ground and stored in screw cap containers. One-gram subsamples were dried at 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, or 175 C for 24 hr. Residual weight decreased with increasing drying temperature. When expressed per gram of original sample, the energy content of feed and excreta samples remained unchanged by drying at 100 C or less but decreased significantly at higher temperatures. Nitrogen composition of feed and excreta samples exhibited a similar trend, except loss of excreta nitrogen (2% of the total) was significant at 100 C.In the final experiment, feed and excreta samples from the previous experiment were oven dried for 24 hr, extracted with N,N-dimethylformamide, and titrated with Karl Fischer reagent. Feed samples retained 5.5, 3.0, and .6% water, and excreta samples retained 5.9, 3.2, and .5% water when oven dried for 24 hr at 40, 60, or 80 C, respectively. When dried at 100, 120, or 140 C, decompositional losses amounted to .3, 1.5, and 2.3% for feed and 1.4, 2.8, and 4.5% for excreta, respectively. A drying temperature of 90 C was deemed to be the most satisfactory to remove water and yet prevent decomposition of feed and excreta samples. (

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

Blake

Pötter

1987

Poultry Science

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“…They observed that the loss of volatile N compounds (5-15% of total N) was similar to the loss of volatile carbon compounds (4-54% of total 289 organic matter). In contrast, Colovos, Keener and Davis (4) observed that loss of carbon compounds during drying ranged from 4 to 21 % of the total energy, with a mean of 13-8%, and loss of N from 2-5 to 32-4% of total N, with a mean of 11*9%. They offered no explanation for the wide variation in losses in individual samples and concluded that analyses of energy or N in cattle faeces should be carried out with fresh material.…”

Section: Faecesmentioning

confidence: 89%

Errors in Measuring Nitrogen and Dry–matter Content of Plant and Faeces Material

Sharkey

1970

Grass and Forage Science

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The N content of pasture species {Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L.) was much less affected hy drying temperatures over the range 70° to 100°C, and hy the density of packing of the pasture sample, than was the amount of hrown colour resulting from these treatments. The DM content of faeces was measured with equal accuracy at temperatures of 80° and 100°C and in samples which varied in weight over a four-fold range. The N lost while drying faeces at 80°C was considerable, with large variations in the amount lost by different animal species fed on particular diets. The results confirm that analyses of the N content of faeces should be carried out before drying.

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“…A satisfactory procedure of determining energy on fresh cattle feces was reported by Colovos et al (1957). This procedure has been improved upon by using N,Ndimethylformamide and described briefly in this study for the poultry excreta.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Antigenicity of Phosvitin

Mok

Common

1964

Poultry Science

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Errors in Drying Silage and Feces for Protein and Energy Determinations. Improved Procedures

Cited by 28 publications

References 2 publications

Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

Nitrogen, Energy, and Weight Losses Associated with Drying and Grinding of Poultry Feed and Excreta

Errors in Measuring Nitrogen and Dry–matter Content of Plant and Faeces Material

Antigenicity of Phosvitin

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