Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl, Eva P. S.; Hainzl, Sebastian; Vesely, Nele I. K.; Walter, Thomas R.; Jousset, Philippe; Hersir, Gylfi Páll; Dahm, Torsten

doi:10.1029/2019gl085266

Cited by 26 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Water fountains within a multi-tuple eruption are spaced on average 16.1 s apart. Mean waiting time after single to sextuple eruptions increases linearly from 3.7 to 16.4 min, respectively, while the amplitude or type of the next eruption cannot be predicted (Eibl, Hainzl, et al, 2020).…”

Section: Field Site Of Strokkur Geysermentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Torfason (1995) described a mean eruption frequency in 1994 of 7 min and an inflow to the geyser of 2 l/s. Newer studies report that Strokkur erupts in eruptions with one to six distinguishable water fountains (Eibl, Hainzl, et al, 2020). Water fountains within a multi-tuple eruption are spaced on average 16.1 s apart.…”

Section: Field Site Of Strokkur Geysermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uppermost part of the conduit has a complex and possibly fracture-controlled conduit geometry as inferred from submerged underwater cameras . Further hints on a possibly common bubble trap were extracted from the eruption interval statistics of a catalog with 73,466 eruptions containing single to sextuple eruptions (Eibl, Hainzl, et al, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl

Müller

Walter

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The system is composed of a water-filled conduit heated by vapor. The subsurface conduit configuration required to produce a geyser is not completely understood, but recent works indicate that a laterally offset bubble trap may be an important component (Belousov et al., 2013;Vandemeulebrouck et al., 2013). While the reservoir depth might control the eruption height (Reed et al., 2021), the exact geometry, depth or number of bubble traps is difficult to constrain without comprehensive geophysical surveys.A small percentage of the geysers worldwide erupt in regular intervals passing from the end of one eruption to the end of the next one through an eruptive cycle (Wang & Manga, 2010). Eruptive cycles of geysers

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Section: Field Site Of Strokkur Geysermentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Field Site Of Strokkur Geysermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl

Müller

Walter

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Similarly, intervals of Old Faithful depend on the duration of the previous eruption ( 53 ). At Strokkur Geyser in Iceland, eruptions consist of one to six discrete bubble bursts; longer intervals follow eruptions with more bursts, but the burst count and seismic amplitude of individual eruptions cannot be predicted ( 54 ).…”

Section: What Controls the Interval Between Eruptions?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 2018 reawakening and eruption dynamics of Steamboat Geyser, the world’s tallest active geyser

Reed

Muñoz-Sáez

Hajimirza

et al. 2021

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Steamboat Geyser in Yellowstone National Park’s Norris Geyser Basin began a prolific sequence of eruptions in March 2018 after 34 y of sporadic activity. We analyze a wide range of datasets to explore triggering mechanisms for Steamboat’s reactivation and controls on eruption intervals and height. Prior to Steamboat’s renewed activity, Norris Geyser Basin experienced uplift, a slight increase in radiant temperature, and increased regional seismicity, which may indicate that magmatic processes promoted reactivation. However, because the geothermal reservoir temperature did not change, no other dormant geysers became active, and previous periods with greater seismic moment release did not reawaken Steamboat, the reason for reactivation remains ambiguous. Eruption intervals since 2018 (3.16 to 35.45 d) modulate seasonally, with shorter intervals in the summer. Abnormally long intervals coincide with weakening of a shallow seismic source in the geyser basin’s hydrothermal system. We find no relation between interval and erupted volume, implying unsteady heat and mass discharge. Finally, using data from geysers worldwide, we find a correlation between eruption height and inferred depth to the shallow reservoir supplying water to eruptions. Steamboat is taller because water is stored deeper there than at other geysers, and, hence, more energy is available to power the eruptions.

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“…Qualitatively similar observations have been made at other geysers. At Strokkur geyser, a greater number of eruptions in quick succession leads to a longer waiting time before the next sequence of eruptions (Eibl et al, 2019). At OFG, longer eruptions used to be followed by longer eruption intervals (Kieffer, 1989;Nicholls & Rinehart, 1967).…”

Section: Journal Of Geophysical Research: Solid Earthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Properties of Hydrothermal Tremor at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, USA

et al. 2020

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Geysers are rare geologic features that intermittently discharge liquid water and steam driven by heating and decompression boiling. The cause of variability in eruptive styles and the associated seismic signals are not well understood. Data collected from five broadband seismometers at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park are used to determine the properties, location, and temporal patterns of hydrothermal tremor. The tremor is harmonic at some stages of the eruption cycle and is caused by near-periodic repetition of discrete seismic events. Using the polarization of ground motion, we identify the location of tremor sources throughout several eruption cycles. During preplay episodes (smaller eruptions preceding the more vigorous major eruption), tremor occurs at depths of 7-10 m and is laterally offset from the geyser's cone by~5 m. At the onset of the main eruption, tremor sources migrate laterally and become shallower. As the eruption progresses, tremor sources migrate along the same path but in the opposite direction, ending where preplay tremor originates. The upward and then downward migration of tremor sources during eruptions are consistent with warming of the conduit followed by evacuation of water during the main eruption. We identify systematic relations among the two types of preplays, discharge, and the main eruption. A point-source moment tensor fit to low-frequency waveforms of an individual tremor event using half-space velocity models indicates average V S ≳ 0.8 km/s, source depths 4-20 m, and moment tensors with primarily positive isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole moments.

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Eruption Interval Monitoring at Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Cited by 26 publications

References 41 publications

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

The 2018 reawakening and eruption dynamics of Steamboat Geyser, the world’s tallest active geyser

Origin and Properties of Hydrothermal Tremor at Lone Star Geyser, Yellowstone National Park, USA

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