Eruptive history of an alkali basaltic diatreme from Elie Ness, Fife, Scotland

Gernon, Thomas M.; Upton, B. G. J.; Hincks, Thea

doi:10.1007/s00445-013-0704-7

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…is similar to what is observed in some ignimbrites (e.g. Vazquez & Ort, ; Brown & Branney, ; Wright et al ., ); (iv) the contemporaneous occurrence of massive and stratified deposits related to both concentrated and dilute currents has been already noted in volcanology (Druitt et al ., 2002; Gernon et al ., ; Breard et al ., ; Breard & Lube, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A discriminatory diagram of massive versus stratified deposits based on the sedimentation and bedload transportation rates. Experimental investigation and application to pyroclastic density currents

et al. 2020

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Dense gas-particle jets similar to collapsing eruption columns were generated by large-scale experiments. The column collapse resulted in a ground-hugging current forming stratified layers with bedding similar to natural pyroclastic density current deposits. At the impact of the collapsing column on the ground, a thick, massive bed was formed due to a high sedimentation rate that dumped turbulence due to high clast concentration. Down-current, flow expansion favoured turbulence and dilute gas-particle current that formed thin rippled layers deposited under traction. Experiments fed with fine ash (median size 0Á066 mm) formed deposits without tractional structures, because fine particles, as other sedimentary fine material, is cohesive and exposes a limited surface to the shear stress. Experimental outcomes show that massive beds are formed where the sedimentation rate per unit width S rw exceeds the bedload transportation rate Q b by two orders of magnitude. A lower ratio generates traction at the base of the flow and formation of shear structures that increase in wavelength and height with a decreasing flux. This study presents a diagram that provides a useful addition for facies analysis of pyroclastic density currents, provided that deposits representing sustained sedimentation can be identified in the field. In the diagram a decrease in the S rw /Q b ratio corresponds to an increase in bedform size. Application of the diagram for hazard assessment purposes allows the reconstruction of the mass eruption rate of the Agnano-Monte Spina eruption at Campi Flegrei, which is the main variable defining the intensity of past eruptions, and of the Bingham rheology of the massive underflow of the Mercato pyroclastic density current at Vesuvius.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A discriminatory diagram of massive versus stratified deposits based on the sedimentation and bedload transportation rates. Experimental investigation and application to pyroclastic density currents

et al. 2020

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“…Maardiatreme volcanoes are surrounded by a low rim of bedded pyroclastic ejecta, of several metres to over 100 m high, with a radial width of 2-5 km (when measured from the centre of the maar) [4,6,7]. Recent studies following a tephrostratigraphic approach have significantly enhanced our knowledge on the evolution of the tephra ring around maar craters, with an emphasis on pyroclastic facies and depositional processes [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] [ [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Research by Houghton and Hackett [23] and Martin and Németh [24] offer insights on the identification of strombolian and phreatomagmatic eruption styles, whereas [25][26][27] discussed the explosion mechanism, and [1], [25], [28] the quantification and control of water during fragmentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eruptive history of the Barombi Mbo Maar, Cameroon Volcanic Line, Central Africa: Constraints from volcanic facies analysis

et al. 2013

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his study presents the first and detail field investigations of exposed deposits at proximal sections of the Barombi Mbo Maar (BMM), NE Mt Cameroon, with the aim of documenting its past activity, providing insight on the stratigraphic distribution, depositional process, and evolution of the eruptive sequences during its formation. Field evidence reveals that the BMM deposit is about 126m thick, of which about 20m is buried lowermost under the lake level and covered by vegetation. Based on variation in pyroclastic facies within the deposit, it can be divided into three main stratigraphic units: U 1 , U 2 and U 3 . Interpretation of these features indicates that U 1 consists of alternating lapilli-ash-lapilli beds series, in which fallout derived individual lapilli-rich beds are demarcated by surges deposits made up of thin, fine-grained and consolidated ash-beds that are well-defined, well-sorted and laterally continuous in outcrop scale. U 2 , a pyroclastic fall-derived unit, shows crudely lenticular stratified scoriaceous layers, in which many fluidal and spindle bombs-rich lapilli-beds are separated by very thin, coarse-vesiculatedash-beds, overlain by a mantle xenolith-and accidental lithic-rich explosive breccia, and massive lapilli tuff and lapillistone. U 3 displays a series of surges and pyroclastic fall layers. Emplacement processes were largely controlled by fallout deposition and turbulent diluted pyroclastic density currents under "dry" and "wet" conditions. The eruptive activity evolved in a series of initial phreatic eruptions, which gradually became phreatomagmatic, followed by a phreato-Strombolian and a violent phreatomagmatic fragmentation. A relatively long-time break, demonstrated by a paleosol between U 2 and U 3 , would have permitted the feeding of the root zone or the prominent crater by the water that sustained the next eruptive episode, dominated by subsequent phreatomagmatic eruptions. These preliminary results require complementary studies, such as geochemistry, for a better understanding of the changes in the eruptive styles, and to develop more constraints on the maar's polygenetic origin.

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“…The transition from initial hydromagmatic and later Strombolian to effusive activity suggests that the influence of water was minimal in the late stages of eruption (e.g. Houghton and Schmincke 1989;Aranda-Gómez and Luhr 1996;Gernon et al 2013).…”

Section: Stage 3: Final Effusive Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Emplacement of the Cabezo María lamproite volcano (Miocene, SE Spain)

et al. 2015

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Lamproite volcanoes are uncommon in the geological record but are exceptionally well preserved in the Betic Cordilleras of SE Spain, where they erupted during the Late Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian stages). The parent melts are thought to have been channelled through major lithospheric faults to erupt at or near the faulted margins of Neogene sedimentary basins. Lamproite magmas are thought to be relatively CO 2 -poor (<1 wt%) and are typically characterised by an effusive eruption style and the development of lava lakes and scoria cones. Cabezo María is a relatively small (∼550 m diameter) lamproite volcano that was emplaced within the shallow-water marineinfluenced Vera Basin. The lamproites are compositionally similar to those of the Roman Province and generally less potassic (K 2 O<5 wt%) than other (ultra-) potassic rocks in SE Spain (e.g. Cancarix, Fortuna). The initial eruption stages were dominated by explosive magma-water interactions and the formation of peperites. These are characterised by angular fragments of glassy lamproite lavas (and isolated lobes) incorporated in sediments, locally showing the effects of thermal metamorphism. Further, elutriation pipes and 'jigsaw-fit' textures are observed in the peperites. The lavas and peperites are overlain by outward-dipping wellstratified scoria deposits defining part of a cinder cone, Editorial responsibility: S. Calvari which is inferred to have emerged above sea level. Steep internal contacts with inward-dipping, structureless breccias likely represent the inner wall deposits of a central conduit. The deposits are cross-cut by late-stage dykes, which supplied fissure eruptions of geochemically similar lavas capping the scoria cone. The transition from explosive to effusive behaviour may reflect the decreased availability of water, possibly due to downward migration of the feeder conduit below the level of water-saturated sediments.

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Eruptive history of an alkali basaltic diatreme from Elie Ness, Fife, Scotland

Cited by 22 publications

References 63 publications

A discriminatory diagram of massive versus stratified deposits based on the sedimentation and bedload transportation rates. Experimental investigation and application to pyroclastic density currents

A discriminatory diagram of massive versus stratified deposits based on the sedimentation and bedload transportation rates. Experimental investigation and application to pyroclastic density currents

Eruptive history of the Barombi Mbo Maar, Cameroon Volcanic Line, Central Africa: Constraints from volcanic facies analysis

Emplacement of the Cabezo María lamproite volcano (Miocene, SE Spain)

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