Erythroblastosis Transformation-Specific Regulated Gene 1 (ERG) Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract

Introduction: The erythroblastosis transformation-specific regulated gene 1 (ERG) is a transcription factor that can be used as an immunohistochemical (IHC) marker in the diagnosis and prognostication of malignancy. ERG was initially used in prostate cancer; however, it is a useful marker in extramedullary myeloid disease. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), dry bone marrow aspirate, and CD34, CD117negative blast cells can be in a diagnostic dilemma. This audit aimed to (a) validate ERG IHC in bone marrow trephine samples, (b) quantify ERG IHC positivity in an AML cohort, and correlate concordance with CD34 and CD117 IHC, when available, and (c) to see whether ERG is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of cases of AML.Methods: A retrospective audit was completed of all new and relapsed cases of AML over one year at a single center. For inclusion, patients needed a trephine specimen at presentation, and all had a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) specimen, ERG IHC, and at least one or both of CD34 and CD117 IHC. Four pathologists independently assessed the stains quantitatively and qualitatively in comparison to the morphology seen on the H&E sample. The kappa value was used to assess agreement.Results: Seventeen patients with AML met the inclusion criteria. All specimens had H&E, CD34, and ERG stains; 9/17 (53%) had CD117 IHC. ERG demonstrated high concordance with blast cells on H&E morphology, with a high agreement among pathologists. Qualitatively, pathologists recognized that ERG spared lymphoid nodules; however, it also stained granulocytes at various maturation stages. Conclusion: ERG is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of AML. ERG can help visualize blast cells that have been confirmed by ancillary tests. More research into the utility of ERG in AML diagnostics is recommended.