Erythrocytic Inclusion Body Syndrome (EIBS) Infection of Chinook Salmon in Idaho

Foott, J. Scott; Miller, Andrew D.; Steiner, Richard; Hedrick, Ronald P.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(1992)004<0306:eibsei>2.3.co;2

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This is supported by the fact that the virus particles observed in erythrocytes in this study were indistinguishable from those previously reported from experimentally induced and naturally occurring cases of EIBS in terms of their size, morphology, and predominant location in cytoplasmic membrane-bound aggregates. Previous studies of EIBS have either limited TEM examination to erythrocytes (Michak et al 1992;Rodger & Richards 1998), or have failed to observe virus particles in other tissues (Foott, Miller, Steiner & Hedrick 1992). The concurrent observation by TEM of these same membrane-bound aggregates of virus in the cytoplasm of cells of the kidney, spleen and gills is therefore novel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Previous studies of EIBS have either limited TEM examination to erythrocytes (Michak et al . 1992; Rodger & Richards 1998), or have failed to observe virus particles in other tissues (Foott, Miller, Steiner & Hedrick 1992). The concurrent observation by TEM of these same membrane‐bound aggregates of virus in the cytoplasm of cells of the kidney, spleen and gills is therefore novel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical post‐mortem and histopathological changes observed with EIBS include splenomegaly with increased deposits of haemosiderin, although a degree of necrosis of the renal parenchyma and haematopoietic tissues has also been described (Foott et al . 1992; Takahashi et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of virus particles in the spleen, kidney, gills and erythrocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during a disease outbreak with high mortality

Graham

Curran

Rowley

et al. 2002

Journal of Fish Diseases

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An annual disease problem with high levels of mortality in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., on a freshwater farm was investigated. In 2000, mortalities began early in October and peaked in December, being unevenly distributed between tanks. Histopathological changes included severe hyperplasia of gill epithelium, with fusion of secondary lamellae, and extensive necrosis of the haematopoietic centres in the kidney and spleen, the latter being consistent with a diagnosis of phagocytolytic syndrome (PCLS). Moribund fish were anaemic, with multiple, circular basophilic inclusion bodies, 1–2 μm in diameter and suggestive of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS), being observed on blood smears. Thin section electron microscopy (EM) revealed primarily membrane‐bound aggregates of non‐enveloped virus particles (73 ± 7 nm) with an electron dense core (35 ± 3 nm) in spleen, kidney and gill tissue and the erythrocytes therein. These particles had morphology and distribution consistent with those previously described separately for both EIBS and PCLS. Virus isolation attempts in a wide range of cell lines were unsuccessful. In the absence of suitable alternative infectious or environmental explanations, it is postulated that the aetiology was primarily viral, with possible contributory secondary environmental factors. It is further hypothesized that the agents of EIBS and PCLS may be the same or closely related viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of virus particles in the spleen, kidney, gills and erythrocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during a disease outbreak with high mortality

Graham

Curran

Rowley

et al. 2002

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…In freshwater Pacific salmon, in North America, the presence of the EIBS virus appears associated with a transient anaemia and increased susceptibility to other pathogens, such as Renibacterium salmoninarum, Saprolegnia sp. and Cytophaga psychrophila (Piacentini, Rohovec & Fryer 1989; Foott, Miller, Steiner & Hedrick 1992). In salt water, EIBS has been diagnosed in farmed coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, where it has resulted in significant mortalities (Takahashi, Okamoto, Kumagai, Maita, Ikeda & Rohovec 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome virus in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

Rodger¹

2007

Journal of Fish Diseases

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An investigation was undertaken to establish aspects of the epizootiology of erythrocytic inclusion bodies in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland. From 1992 to 1995, adult and juvenile salmon, from Scottish rivers, were screened for the presence of erythrocytic inclusion bodies and haematological parameters measured. The nature of the inclusion bodies was assessed through transmission electron microscopy, negative-staining and blood smear-staining techniques and was demonstrated to be viral in origin with characteristics similar to a member of the family Togaviridae. Specifically, these were a viral genome of single-stranded RNA, spherical virion morphology with an icosahedral core, average size of 70 nm and a buoyant density of 1.15-1.20 g cm(-3). The cytoplasmic inclusions were either large, single inclusions (1-2 microm) or smaller multiple inclusions (0.5-1 microm). A total of 4.2% (n=48) and 27.7% (n=213) of the parr and adult salmon, respectively, were positive for the presence of the inclusions. The intensity of the inclusions, when present, varied from light in parr to moderate and heavy in adults, when graded according to the number of inclusions per field of view. Neither haematological variations nor clinical disease was associated with the presence or absence of viral inclusions.

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“…EIBS was later described in chinook and coho salmon O. kisutch throughout Washington and parts of Oregon, California (Piacentini 1989), and Idaho (Foott et al 1992). The known geographic and natural host range of the virus expanded to include seawater-reared coho salmon in Japan , freshwater-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Norway (Lunder et al 1990), and freshwater and seawater-reared Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout O. mykiss from the British Isles (Rodger et al 1991, Rodger & Richards 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Alaska, USA

Meyers

2007

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Juvenile seawater-reared chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at a hatchery on Baranoff Island, Alaska, USA, sustained chronic mortality associated with anemia and mixed infections by various obligate and opportunistic pathogens including a cytoplasmic erythrocytic virus resembling the agent of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). This is the first case report of EIBS in Alaska and is a range extension of the disease. KEY WORDS: Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome · EIBS · Anemia · Chinook salmon Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 76: [169][170][171][172] 2007 erythrocytes (Leek 1987, Michak et al. 1992. Isolation and replication of the virus in available fish cell lines has been unsuccessful, thus preventing further characterization. A more recent study of an epizootic in Atlantic salmon (Graham et al. 2002) reported EIBSlike inclusions and virus particles in erythrocytes as well as similar virus particles associated with necrosis in hematopoietic tissues of the spleen and kidney and hyperplasia of gill tissues. The histopathology and virus were morphologically similar to the previously described phagocytolytic syndrome (PCLS) in Atlantic salmon (Palmer et al. 1992). Graham et al. (2002) suggested that EIBS and PCLS may represent alternate or concurrent manifestations of infection by the same virus. The EIBS virus has also been associated with heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon from western Norway where typical virus particles were present in vacuoles within erythrocytes and unidentified head kidney cells (Watanabe et al. 2006). This note presents a case study of the first report of EIBS in Alaska, which represents a range extension of the disease. MATERIALS AND METHODSCase history. A salmon hatchery on Baranof Island near Sitka, Alaska, sustained ongoing chronic mortality in brood year 2002 juvenile chinook salmon in late October after transfer to seawater net pens in September 2003. The immediate cause of the fish mortality was diagnosed as vibriosis and was successfully treated by dietary administration of oxytetracycline (OTC). By late December 2003 through early March 2004, additional disease outbreaks in these fish included furunculosis and low level bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Fish mortality was 120 to 400 fish d -1 within a population of 1.25 million fish in 6 net pens. Isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida were resistant to OTC and marginally sensitive to Romet B. Therefore, Romet was not used for treatment due to concerns over less than optimum sensitivity to this antibiotic. Instead, the freshwater lens in each pen was removed, and larger net pens were deployed to optimize the rearing environment. Mortality continued in the smaller fish and was higher than could be expected from osmoincompetency.In early ). Smolt size ranged from 10 to 50 g total weight, and 50% of the mortality occurred in larger fish over 20 g. The seawater temperature was 5°C, fish were lethargic, and the feeding response was ...

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Erythrocytic Inclusion Body Syndrome (EIBS) Infection of Chinook Salmon in Idaho

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Observation of virus particles in the spleen, kidney, gills and erythrocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during a disease outbreak with high mortality

Observation of virus particles in the spleen, kidney, gills and erythrocytes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during a disease outbreak with high mortality

Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome virus in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

First report of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Alaska, USA

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