Escape from violence: What reduces the enduring consequences of adolescent gang affiliation?

Dong, Beidi; Krohn, Marvin D.

doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.07.002

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(99 reference statements)

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“…Intervention and prevention programs should target the modification of youths’ violent attitudes through early identification of students with low self-esteem and control, and enhancement of self-efficacy in problem-solving without resorting to aggression. Such programs should strengthen the youths’ coping skills that help them to resist negative peer influence, and support the development of a harmonious family environment and positive parenting styles [ 16 , 29 , 31 , 46 , 73 ]. To change the negative self-image, rebuilding of positive self-identity would prevent them from going astray.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, increased relational aggression has been shown to be associated with more harsh and uninvolved parenting. In these studies, interestingly, paternal but not maternal psychologically controlling parenting was positively related to relational aggression [ 22 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Similarly, another study found that only attachment to the father, and not to the mother, was predictive of youth aggressiveness [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting Effects of the Self and Contextual Factors on Violence: A Comparison between School Students and Youth Offenders in Macau

Cheng

2018

IJERPH

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This study was designed to explore the self and contextual factors for violence in two samples of school students and youth offenders in Macau. There were 3085 participants who were between 12 and 20 years old; 48.3% of them were male and 51.7% female. Findings revealed that youth offenders exhibited more violence than school students. For the self factors, while lower self-esteem and higher self-efficacy of school students were associated with more violent behavior, these two variables had no significant effects for youth offenders. For the contextual factors, family conflict was the strongest predictor of violence, and school commitment/attachment was the weakest predictor for both samples. For youth offenders, family conflict had the largest direct effect, followed by susceptibility to negative peer influence and influence of the Triad gangs, while school commitment/attachment had a significant though mild direct effect. For school students, family conflict mediated the effect of self-esteem and self-efficacy on violence. While Triad gangs’ influence was the second strongest predictor of violence, being exposed to Triad gangs’ influence also mediated the effect of self-esteem and self-efficacy on violence. It is recommended that youth outreach services with a focus on family support and gang detachment for at-risk youth be strengthened.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Effects of the Self and Contextual Factors on Violence: A Comparison between School Students and Youth Offenders in Macau

Cheng

2018

IJERPH

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“…Parental support has utility for moderating the link between low self-control and deviance (Higgins & Boyd, 2008). Perception of support, in particular parental support, also moderates the relationship between associating with deviant friends and delinquency and drug use (Allen, Chango, Szwedo, Schad, & Marston, 2012; Dong & Krohn, 2016; Frauenglass, Routh, Pantin, & Mason, 1997; Poole & Regoli, 1979). Although Meadows (2007) reported that peer support was positively related to offending, Scarpa and Haden (2006) did find that perceived friend support moderates the impact of violent victimization on aggression.…”

Section: Social Support and Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Effects of Family Support on the Relationship Between Official Intervention and General Delinquency Across the Life Course

Dong

Krohn

2016

J Dev Life Course Criminology

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Purpose Previous research on the labeling perspective has identified mediational processes and the long-term effects of official intervention in the life course. However, it is not yet clear what factors may moderate the relationship between labeling and subsequent offending. The current study integrates Cullen’s (1994) social support theory to examine how family social support conditions the criminogenic, stigmatizing effects of official intervention on delinquency and whether such protective effects vary by developmental stage. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we estimated negative binomial regression models to investigate the relationships between police arrest, family social support, and criminal offending during both adolescence and young adulthood. Results Police arrest is a significant predictor of self-reported delinquency in both the adolescent and adult models. Expressive family support exhibits main effects in the adolescent models; instrumental family support exhibits main effects at both developmental stages. Additionally, instrumental family support diminishes some of the predicted adverse effects of official intervention in adulthood. Conclusions Perception of family support can be critical in reducing general delinquency as well as buffering against the adverse effects of official intervention on subsequent offending. Policies and programs that work with families subsequent to a criminal justice intervention should emphasize the importance of providing a supportive environment for those who are labeled.

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“…Networks of social support create a nurturing environment that provides acceptance and a sense of belonging and self-worth, and supply physical and human capital needed to refrain from violence and enhance prosocial modeling. In addition, social support creates the context in which informal and formal social control can be effectively realized (37–39). At a community level, enhancing community organization through social cohesion and shared expectations for action, and developing informal mechanisms to mediate conflict and assist youth in making sense of the violent event is a worthwhile strategy (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth's Daily Activities and Situational Triggers of Gunshot Assault in Urban Environments

Dong

Branas

Richmond

et al. 2017

Journal of Adolescent Health

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Purpose Although previous research has made progress in identifying individuals predicted to face an elevated risk of being shot, it is not clear how that risk varies within individuals based on the contexts they encounter as they navigate daily life. The current study examines how the convergence of individual risk activity and neighborhood disadvantage and disorder triggers the risk of being shot. Methods Using a novel geographic information system (GIS) application, 123 male gunshot assault victims between 10–24 years old in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania described their minute-by-minute movements over the course of the day of the gunshot assault. Through latent class analysis, the primary exposure was real-life circumstance where nine theoretically informed risk factors converged, compared with two other circumstances. Case-crossover analyses of subjects’ 10-minute segments of full-day activities compared gunshot assault victims at the time of assault with themselves earlier in the day. Results Compared to when individuals were exposed to minimal situational risk or were mainly exposed to neighborhood disadvantage and disorder, the concurrence of risk activity and neighborhood disadvantage and disorder was associated with a 9.90 (95%CI: 2.72–36.14) and 6.06 (95% CI: 2.78–13.22) times higher risk of being shot. Importantly, the likelihood of being in the high-risk circumstance increased systematically over the course of the day leading up to the time when young individuals were shot. Conclusions After controlled individual’s propensity to be shot (e.g. inherent traits), the concurrence of situational risks emerged as significant triggers of gunshot assault. The findings suggest potential for community-based gunshot violence interventions.

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Escape from violence: What reduces the enduring consequences of adolescent gang affiliation?

Abstract: 2016-11-03T14:11:40

Cited by 26 publications

References 71 publications

Predicting Effects of the Self and Contextual Factors on Violence: A Comparison between School Students and Youth Offenders in Macau

Predicting Effects of the Self and Contextual Factors on Violence: A Comparison between School Students and Youth Offenders in Macau

The Protective Effects of Family Support on the Relationship Between Official Intervention and General Delinquency Across the Life Course

Youth's Daily Activities and Situational Triggers of Gunshot Assault in Urban Environments

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