“…However, various studies of the diverse ways in which this form of Christianity can be coupled with nationalism confirm Bialecki's (2017) remark that the relationship between these phenomena is not immutable. Bialecki (2017) claims that the materialization of this relationship allows for the incorporation of typically nationalist rhetoric and symbols. Included among those are ideas of being "chosen" by God (Smith, 2003), assertions of value which distinguish good from bad and from atypical citizens (O'Neill, 2010) and, more generally, studies on the different levels of believers' interest in national matters depending on historical context and location (Freston, 1995;Gooren, 2018,) In PNG, anthropologists have studied cases in which Christians develop a "negative nationalism" (Robbins, 1998) according to which national belonging is perceived in a depreciative light.…”