Escherichia coli alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.

The synthesis of 2-acetylthiamin pyrophosphate (acetyl-TPP) is described. The synthesis of this compound is accomplished at 23 degrees C by the oxidation of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamin pyrophosphate using aqueous chromic acid as the oxidizing agent under conditions where Cr(III) coordination to the pyrophosphoryl moiety and hydrolysis of both the pyrophosphate and acetyl moieties were prevented. Although the chemical properties exhibited by acetyl-TPP are similar to those of the 2-acetyl-3,4-dimethylthiazolium ion examined by Lienhard [Lienhard, G.E. (1966) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 5642-5649], significant differences exist because of the pyrimidine ring in acetyl-TPP. Characterization of acetyl-TPP by ultraviolet spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 31P NMR provided evidence that the compound in aqueous solution exists as an equilibrium mixture of keto, hydrate, and intramolecular carbinolamine forms. The equilibria for the hydration and carbinolamine formation reactions at pD 1.3 as determined by 1H NMR are strongly dependent on the temperature, showing an increase in the hydrate and carbinolamine forms at the expense of the keto form with decreasing temperature. The concentration of keto form also decreases with increasing pH. Acetyl-TPP is stable in aqueous acid but rapidly deacetylates at higher pH to form acetate and thiamin pyrophosphate. Trapping of the acetyl moiety in aqueous solution occurs efficiently with 1.0 M hydroxylamine at pH 5.5-6.5 to form acetohydroxamic acid and to a much smaller extent with 1.0 M 2-mercaptoethanol at pH 4.0 and 5.0 to form thio ester. Transfer of the acetyl group to 0.5 M dihydrolipoic acid at pH 5.0 and 1.0 M phosphate dianion at pH 7.0 is not observed to any significant extent in water. The kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity of acetyl-TPP with water and other nucleophiles is compatible with a hypothetical role for acyl-TPPs as enzymatic acyl-transfer intermediates.

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Synthesis and properties of 2-acetylthiamin pyrophosphate: an enzymatic reaction intermediate

Gruys¹,

Halkides²,

Frey³

1987

“…In enzyme studies on the pyruvate and 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes, acetyl-and succinyl-TPP, respectively, appear to be produced under conditions of reversal of the reactions (CaJacob et al, 1985; Steginsky & Frey, 1984). Under these conditions, the presence of acetyl-or succinyl-CoA and NADH, the acyl-CoA undergoes TPP-dependent hydrolysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and 3-fluoropyruvate: chemical competence of 2-acetylthiamin pyrophosphate as an acetyl group donor to dihydrolipoamide

Flournoy¹,

Frey²

1986

The pyruvate dehydrogenase component (E1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the decomposition of 3-fluoropyruvate to CO2, fluoride anion, and acetate. Acetylthiamin pyrophosphate (acetyl-TPP) is an intermediate in this reaction. Incubation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex with 3-fluoro[1,2-14C]pyruvate, TPP, coenzyme A (CoASH), and either NADH or pyruvate as reducing systems leads to the formation of [14C]acetyl-CoA. In this reaction the acetyl group of acetyl-TPP is partitioned by transfer to both CoASH (87 +/- 2%) and water (13 +/- 2%). When the E1 component is incubated with 3-fluoro[1,2-14C]pyruvate, TPP, and dihydrolipoamide, [14C]acetyldihydrolipoamide is produced. The formation of [14C]acetyldihydrolipoamide was examined as a function of dihydrolipoamide concentration (0.25-16 mM). A plot of the extent of acetyl group partitioning to dihydrolipoamide as a function of 1/[dihydrolipoamide] showed 95 +/- 2% acetyl group transfer to dihydrolipoamide when dihydrolipoamide concentration was extrapolated to infinity. It is concluded that acetyl-TPP is chemically competent as an intermediate for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.

“…The hybrid complex formed between E3 of the PDH complex and the E2E3 subcomplex from the -ketoglutarate de-hydrogenase complex also catalyzes eq 6 but at a much slower rate (Steginsky et al, 1984). By use of this complex (experiments 11-13) the [l-14C]acetyl-TPP appears transiently and disappears at the conclusion of the reaction.…”

Section: K2k2k + ^A[h+]mentioning

confidence: 99%

2-Acetylthiamin pyrophosphate (acetyl-TPP) pH-rate profile for hydrolysis of acetyl-TPP and isolation of acetyl-TPP as a transient species in pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions

Gruys

Datta²,

Frey³

1989

Rate constants for the hydrolysis of acetyl-TPP were measured between pH values of 2.5 and 7.5 and plotted as log kobs versus pH. The pH-rate profile defined two legs, each with a slope of +1 but separated by a region of decreased slope between pH 4 and pH 6. The rates were insensitive to buffer concentrations. Each leg of the profile reflected specific-base-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetyl-TPP, analogous to the hydrolysis of 2-acetyl-3,4-dimethylthiazolium ion [Lienhard, G.E. (1966) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 5642-5649]. The separation of the two legs of this profile has been shown to be caused by the ionization of a group exhibiting a pKa of 4.73 within acetyl-TPP that is remote from the acetyl group, the amino-pyrimidine ring, which is protonated below pH 4.73. The protonation level of this ring has been shown to control the equilibrium partitioning of acetyl-TPP among its carbinolamine, keto, and hydrate forms. The differential partitioning of these species is a major factor causing the separation between the two legs of the pH-rate profile. The characteristic pH-rate profile and the availability of synthetic acetyl-TPP [Gruys, K.J., Halkides, C.J., & Frey, P.A. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7575-7585] have facilitated the isolation and identification of [1-14C]acetyl-TPP from acid-quenched enzymatic reaction mixtures at steady states. [1-14C]Acetyl-TPP was identified as a transient species in reactions catalyzed by the PDH complex or the pyruvate dehydrogenase component of the complex (E1). The pH-rate profile for hydrolysis of [1-14C]-acetyl-TPP isolated from enzymatic reactions was found to be indistinguishable from that for authentic acetyl-TPP, which constituted positive identification of the 14C-labeled enzymic species.