Esmrf

Fadeel, Khaled Qorany Abdel; Sayed, Khaled El

doi:10.1145/2753476.2753479

Cited by 17 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…14,24 Lack of mobility support is not the only limitation of RPL. Several articles in the literature report other protocol problems related to multicast data routing, 25,26 memory usage, 27,28 and peer-to-peer traffic pattern. 16,29 Despite efforts, there is still no efficient solution to meet the demand for mobility in IoT environments, specifically in LLNs, making it necessary to study and create new proposals for this purpose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mobility solution for low power and lossy networks using the LOADng protocol

Gonçalves

Rabêlo

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Many devices on an Internet of Things (IoT) network have severe constraints on computing resources in terms of memory, processing, and power, which make these networks generally known as Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). Device mobility in these scenarios has several negative impacts on the network, particularly in terms of connectivity, as node movement affects the routes established by the routing protocol. The network performance is highly related to the adjacent routing protocol. The protocol considered as standard for IoT networks was designed for static networks, and it has a low reactivity in mobility scenarios, besides other limitations. Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing-Next Generation (LOADng) is currently the primary reactive protocol for LLNs. Considering that mobility is a crucial feature for the future of IoT, this article proposes Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-LOADng, a solution built from LOADng for LLNs in the mobility context. The solution aims to make the mobile nodes aware of its location, as well as to predict the nonlinear trajectory of these nodes through the EKF. The location obtained is used to improve the connectivity of the mobile nodes and to shorten paths while messages are exchanged on the network. EKF-LOADng was compared with the standard version and an enhanced version of the LOADng protocol in two different scenarios in the Contiki OS. Simulation results show the proposed solution is capable of locating mobile nodes with an average error of 1.46 m while maintaining connectivity to other nodes, as well as outperforms the compared proposals in some network metrics in terms of packet delivery ratio, latency, power consumption, and control bit overhead.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mobility solution for low power and lossy networks using the LOADng protocol

Gonçalves

Rabêlo

Rodrigues

et al. 2020

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Efficient multicast forwarding in low power and lossy networks under RPL non‐storing mode

Jaisooraj,

Madhu Kumar

2024

Int J Communication

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SummaryThe Internet of Things (IoT) continues to find novel applications across various domains. These applications require the support of efficient communication protocols in the Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). The development of efficient multicast protocols is one such area that requires critical research attention. Efficient multicast protocols are especially important in the non‐storing mode of IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL), considering its applicability in real‐world IoT applications. However, the development of non‐storing RPL multicast protocols needs to handle the intricacies associated with source routing. Addressing these issues, this paper presents a novel multicast protocol named Multicast Forwarding in LLNs under Non‐storing mode (MFLN). MFLN uses Bloom Filters to minimize the overhead that comes with source routing. While retaining the best features of multicast protocols operating in the storing mode of RPL such as bidirectional traffic and cross‐layer optimization with ContikiMAC, MFLN also includes a novel metric named Mode Selection Metric (MSM) to decide the suitable link‐layer forwarding method. MSM makes this decision based on the ability of a node, in terms of its residual energy, to perform multiple link‐layer unicasts. Thus, MFLN saves the node battery from running out and at the same time reduces the duplicate packets created due to link‐layer broadcasts. The simulations conducted using Contiki‐COOJA indicate considerable improvements in terms of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption per delivered packet, packet transmissions, end‐to‐end delay, and normalized routing overhead for the proposed protocol.

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