Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities

Abstract

of current treatment include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis as well as playing a part in assessing tumor response to therapy. Key words: Esophageal cancer; Esophageal cancer staging; Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; Esophageal adenocarcinoma; Surgery Core tip: Esophageal carcinoma is a serious malignancy with regards to mortality and prognosis, and is expected to increase in incidence over the next 10 years. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type of esophageal cancer worldwide but the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has dramatically increased in the past 40 years. Esophageal cancer is staged according to the TNM system. Common imaging modalities used in staging include computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and positron emission tomography scans. Current treatment options include multimodality therapy. Including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Tumor markers of esophageal cancer are an advancing area of research that could potentially lead to earlier diagnosis.Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S. Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6(5): 112-120 Available from:

Assessing downgrading of esophageal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a case report

“…Lymphoma, carcinoids, and melanoma is very rare. 3 Natural history of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of esophagus is different. Squamous cell carcinoma is started from inflammation of squamous epithelial and progressively change to dysplasia and in situ cancer.…”

“…Approximately 75% of all esophageal adenocarcinoma are found at distal esophagus and squamous cell carcinoma is commonly found between middle part and third distal esophagus. 1,3 Locally advanced esophageal cancer is esophageal cancer which is limited to esophageal or peri-esophageal tissue (>T1,≤T4a) and/or involves lymph nodes (N1-N3), without far metastasis (M0). According to AJCC/TNM staging, tumor which involves pleura, pericardium, or surrounding diaphragm, is resectable (T4a).…”

“…Obesity, whether related to their GERD or due to consumption of western-style diet is poor in vitamins, vegetables, fruit, fish, and poultry; is also a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. 1,3,5 Esophageal cancer is often called the "silent cancer". Most patients are diagnosed later because of the lack of symptoms in the early stages of the disease.…”

“…Although it has been many developments in the diagnosis and management, the 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer only range between 15% -20%. 1,3 Esophageal cancer generally consists of two forms, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.…”

To study the short-term outcome of multimodality treatment on morbidity and quality of life in patients with carcinoma oesophagus

“…1 Surgery remains the primary modality of treatment for localized and locally advanced oesophageal cancer, despite complete resection; overall survival has remained low due to high rates of loco regional and distant failure. 2 Present study attempt to address the clinico-pathological profile and outcome of multimodality treatment.…”