Esophageal Cancer: Priorities for Prevention

Abstract

Making a sizeable contribution to worldwide cancer mortality, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus appear to be caused largely by environmental factors. Descriptive epidemiologic analyses demonstrate that these cancers occur at markedly different rates in populations around the world. Moreover, their incidences have changed greatly over time, strongly suggesting that their causes are modifiable. For adenocarcinomas, the risk factors identified consistently in analytic studies include gastroesophageal acid reflux, obesity, smoking, and male sex. Squamous cell carcinomas in Western countries have been attributed largely to smoking, high levels of alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition. In other parts of the world, poor-quality diets, thermal injury, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and poor oral health have been implicated. Prevention strategies targeting these exposures offer a logical foundation for action, although the outcomes of prevention trials have been frustratingly ineffective to date. Novel approaches to early detection are currently under development and may prove useful for disease control in high-incidence settings.

DNA repair pathways as a novel therapeutic strategy in esophageal cancer: A review study

“…EAC is more common in developed countries, while ESCC highly occurs in developing countries; also, the third type is called small cell carcinoma, which is very rare. 20,21 Regarding the stages, it should be noted that the first stage is the primary tumor, the second stage is lymph node involvement, and the third stage is metastasis. 22 EC cancer has no symptoms in the early stages and usually shows symptoms over the age of 50; in other words, the disease has no symptoms until metastasis, so that the death rate is high.…”

Study on image data cleaning method of early esophageal cancer based on VGG_NIN neural network

“…The incidence of esophageal cancer is the seventh in the world, and the mortality rate is the sixth 1 , 2 . Studies have shown that the 5-year survival rate of advanced esophageal cancer is only 18%, while the 5-year survival rate of early esophageal cancer is more than 95%, so the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer has important clinical significance 3 , 4 . At present, the examination of esophageal cancer is usually performed through direct observation of gastroscopy and then biopsy to confirm the tumor stage.…”

Depth Information-Based Automatic Annotation of Early Esophageal Cancers in Gastroscopic Images Using Deep Learning Techniques

“…Earlystage EC is not very lethal; its five-year survival rate is over 95%. However, if EC lesions are diagnosed in advanced stages, a poor prognosis may become inevitable; at this stage, the five-year survival rate drops to only 5% [2], [3]. Therefore, diagnoses of EC in the early stage are of great significance in the clinic.…”