Esophageal microbiome signature in patients with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Lopetuso, Loris Riccardo; Severgnini, Marco; Pecere, Silvia; Ponziani, Francesca Romana; Boškoski, Ivo; Larghi, Alberto; Quaranta, Gianluca; Masucci, Luca; Ianiro, Gianluca; Camboni, Tania; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Costamagna, Guido; Consolandi, Clarissa; Cammarota, Giovanni

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231789

Cited by 69 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The identification of the microbial communities associated with cancer is of crucial importance in order to find risk factors and to hypothetically guide surveillance protocols. Thus, if coupled, genetic and microbial markers may help to prevent EAC or detect it at earlier, treatable stages, reducing the need for repeated surveillance procedures on large number of patients who never progress to cancer, thus ameliorating the management of this debilitating disease [38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BIOFILM AND TUMOR: INTERPRETATION OF INTERACTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. Review

Ivanenko

2021

Med. Sci. of Ukr.

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Relevance. Treatment of solid tumors and biofilm-derived infections face a common problem: drugs often fail to reach and kill cancer cells and microbial pathogens because of local microenvironment heterogeneities. There are remarkable challenges for current and prospective anticancer and antibiofilm agents to target and maintain activity in the microenvironments where cancer cells and microbial pathogens survive and cause the onset of disease. Bacterial infections in cancer formation will increase in the coming years. Collection of approaches such as ROS modulation in cells, the tumor is promoted by microbe’s inflammation can be a strategy to target cancer and bacteria. Besides that, bacteria may take the advantage of oxygen tension and permissive carbon sources, therefore the tumor microenvironment (TM) becomes a potential refuge for bacteria. It is noteworthy that the relationship between cancer and bacteria is intertwined. Objective: To analyze similarities between biofilm and tumor milieu that is produced against stress conditions and heterogeneous microenvironment for a combination of approaches the bacteriotherapy with chemotherapy which can help in defeating the tumor heterogeneity accompanied with malignancy, drug-resistance, and metastasis. Method: An analytical review of the literature on keywords from the scientometric databases PubMed, Wiley. Results: Bacteria evade antimicrobial treatment is mainly due to persistence that has become dormant during the stationary phase and tolerance. Drug-tolerant persisters and cellular dormancy are crucial in the development of cancer, especially in understanding the development of metastases as a late relapse. Bioﬁlms are formed by groups of cells in diﬀerent states, growing or non-growing and metabolically active or inactive in variable fractions, depending on maturity and on chemical gradients (O2 and nutrients) of the bioﬁlms producing physiological heterogeneity. Heterogeneity in the microenvironment of cancer can be described as a non-cell autonomous driver of cancer cell diversity; in a highly diverse microenvironment, different cellular phenotypes may be selected for or against in different regions of the tumor. Hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation have been identified as positive regulators of metastatic potential, drug resistance, and tumorigenic properties in cancer. It is proven that, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and life-threatening infectious pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are noticeably sensitive to alterations in the intracellular oxidative environment. An alternative emerging paradigm is that many cancers may be promoted by commensal microbiota, either by translocation and adherence of microbes to cancer cells or by the distant release of inflammation-activating microbial metabolites. Microbial factors such as F. nucleatum, B. fragilis, and Enterobacteriaceae members may contribute to disease onset in patients with a hereditary form of colorectal cancer (CRC); familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). These findings are linked with the creation of new biomarkers and therapy for identifying and treating biofilm-associated cancers. Currently, about 20% of neoplasms globally can be caused by infections, with approximately 1.2 million cases annually. Several antineoplastic drugs that exhibited activity against S. mutans, including tamoxifen, doxorubicin, and ponatinib, also possessed activity against other Gram-positive bacteria. Drug repurposing, also known as repositioning, has gained momentum, mostly due to its advantages over de novo drug discovery, including reduced risk to patients due to previously documented clinical trials, lower drug development costs, and faster benchtop-to-clinic transition. Although many bacteria are carcinogens and tumor promoters, some have shown great potential towards cancer therapy. Several species of bacteria have shown an impressive power to penetrate and colonize solid tumors, which has mainly led to neoplasm slower growth and tumor clearance. Different strains of Clostridia, Lactococcus, Bifidobacteria, Shigella, Vibrio, Listeria, Escherichia, and Salmonella have been evaluated against cancer in animal models. Conclusion. Cancer is a multifactorial disease and the use of bacteria for cancer therapy as an immunostimulatory agent or as a vector for carrying the therapeutic cargo is a promising treatment method. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BIOFILM AND TUMOR: INTERPRETATION OF INTERACTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. Review

Ivanenko

2021

Med. Sci. of Ukr.

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“…These findings has further been linked to unfavorable survival in EAC (35). Other studies have noted increased gramnegative bacteria and alpha and beta diversity in the BE microbiome when compared to normal esophageal mucosa (36)(37)(38).…”

Section: Changes In Microenvironmentmentioning

confidence: 90%

Current state of prognostication, therapy and prospective innovations for Barrett’s-related esophageal adenocarcinoma: a literature review

Mittal¹,

Abdo²,

Adrien³

et al. 2021

J Gastrointest Oncol

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Objective: Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which has one of the lowest 5-year survival rates in oncology. The reasons for poor survival are twofold: the large majority of diagnoses are in advanced stages (~80%) and limited treatment options, with a deficit of biology-guided therapies. As a rapidly growing public health concern with poor prognosis, research into the molecular progression for BE and novel therapeutics for EAC currently has high clinical utility. Review of the literature reveals that innovative analysis of metaplastic progression from BE to EAC at a molecular level can shed light on the underlying transformative probabilities of BE into malignant pathologies and may impact current of future therapeutic modalities for management of these diseases.Background: EAC is the fastest increasing cancer in the United States with a 600% increase over the past 25 years. This cancer arises from dysplastic tissue of BE, a complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Chronic acid and bile reflux in the distal esophagus initiates a metaplastic conversion of normal squamous epithelium to premalignant intestinalized columnar epithelium. Patients with BE have a 125-fold higher risk of cancer compared to the general population.Methods: We critically reviewed the current status of BE monitoring, and subsequent therapeutic strategies being used in patients who have progressed to cancer. Also, new diagnostic tools and therapeutic candidates for BE-related EAC are discussed. Highly-targeted searches of databases containing recent original peerreviewed papers were utilized for this review.Conclusions: Novel and well-described biomarkers analyzed in the patient's diseased tissue will provide for more powerful diagnostics, but also possess the potential to develop strategies for personalized management and identify targets for intervention to either cease disease progression or treat BE and/or EAC. Since millions of Americans develop BE without progressing to cancer, there is a critical need to identify the small percentage of Barrett's patients who possess hallmarks of disease progression or carcinogenesis with novel screening techniques. Incorporation of such tools into standard screening protocols for BE surveillance and/or therapy would be critical to detect malignant transformations before clinically obvious cancer ever develops.Mittal et al. Barrett's-related EAC management

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“…Additionally, comparison of metaplastic tissue to adjacent normal areas demonstrates decreased α diversity and decreased prevalence of Bacteroidetes including Prevotella spp. [ 106 ]. Distinct compositional differences in specific phyla occur along the NERD, BE, and EAC pathway.…”

Section: Dysbiosis In Disease Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, and Staphylococcus spp. is associated with adenocarcinoma risk[ 88 , 106 ]. Leptotrichia spp.…”

Section: Dysbiosis In Disease Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of esophageal mucosal disease: A paradigm shift from acid to bacteria?

D’Souza¹,

Houston²,

Keenan³

et al. 2021

WJG

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Genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and initial speciation ( e.g. , relative abundance) of the commensal microbiome have revolutionized the way we think about the “human” body in health and disease. The interactions between the gut bacteria and the immune system of the host play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, including those impacting the esophagus. Although relatively stable, there are a number of factors that may disrupt the delicate balance between the luminal esophageal microbiome (EM) and the host. These changes are thought to be a product of age, diet, antibiotic and other medication use, oral hygiene, smoking, and/or expression of antibiotic products (bacteriocins) by other flora. These effects may lead to persistent dysbiosis which in turn increases the risk of local inflammation, systemic inflammation, and ultimately disease progression. Research has suggested that the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related esophagitis includes a cytokine-mediated inflammatory component and is, therefore, not merely the result of esophageal mucosal exposure to corrosives ( i.e. , acid). Emerging evidence also suggests that the EM plays a major role in the pathogenesis of disease by inciting an immunogenic response which ultimately propagates the inflammatory cascade. Here, we discuss the potential role for manipulating the EM as a therapeutic option for treating the root cause of various esophageal disease rather than just providing symptomatic relief ( i.e. , acid suppression).

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Esophageal microbiome signature in patients with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma

Cited by 69 publications

References 62 publications

BIOFILM AND TUMOR: INTERPRETATION OF INTERACTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. Review

BIOFILM AND TUMOR: INTERPRETATION OF INTERACTION AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES. Review

Current state of prognostication, therapy and prospective innovations for Barrett’s-related esophageal adenocarcinoma: a literature review

Role of microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of esophageal mucosal disease: A paradigm shift from acid to bacteria?

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