eSOS® – emergency Sanitation Operation System

Brdjanović, Damir; Zakaria, Fiona; Mawioo, Peter Matuku; García, Héctor A.; Hooijmans, Christine M.; Ćurko, Josip; Thye, Y. P.; Setiadi, Tjandra

doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.098

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate the suitability of the MW-based treatment of the various kinds of sludge from the perspective of both sanitization and volume reduction. The technology, when further developed and optimized particularly in terms of energy use, will be suitable for onsite applications and at the onset of the first phase of an emergency, when there are currently limited options available with the capacity to rapidly treat the large amounts of fresh sludge generated ( Brdjanovic et al, 2015 ). In those and similar situations, pathogen inactivation should be prioritized over sludge volume reduction, as it is the most crucial aspect to curb possible excreta-related endemics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…slums and emergency settlements). Therefore, these systems are intensively used requiring frequent emptying ( Brdjanovic et al, 2015 ), which results in large quantities of fresh faecal sludge (FS) and septic tank sludge (SS). Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are also sources of high sludge quantities which are usually produced during primary and biological treatment ( Hong et al, 2004 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A pilot-scale microwave technology for sludge sanitization and drying

Mawioo

García

Hooijmans

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Large volumes of sludge are produced from onsite sanitation systems in densely populated areas (e.g. slums and emergency settlements) and wastewater treatment facilities that contain high amounts of pathogens. There is a need for technological options which can effectively treat the rapidly accumulating sludge under these conditions. This study explored a pilot-scale microwave (MW) based reactor as a possible alternative for rapid sludge treatment. The reactor performance was examined by conducting a series of batch tests using centrifuged waste activated sludge (C-WAS), non-centrifuged waste activated sludge (WAS), faecal sludge (FS), and septic tank sludge (SS). Four kilograms of each sludge type were subjected to MW treatment at a power of 3.4 kW for various time durations ranging from 30 to 240 min. During the treatment the temperature change, bacteria inactivation (E. coli, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterococcus faecalis) and sludge weight/volume reduction were measured. Calorific values (CV) of the dried sludge and the nutrient content (total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)) in both the dried sludge and the condensate were also determined. It was found that MW treatment was successful to achieve a complete bacterial inactivation and a sludge weight/volume reduction above 60%. Besides, the dried sludge and condensate had high energy (≥ 16 MJ/kg) and nutrient contents (solids; TN ≥ 28 mg/g TS and TP ≥ 15 mg/g TS; condensate TN ≥ 49 mg/L TS and TP ≥ 0.2 mg/L), having the potential to be used as biofuel, soil conditioner, fertilizer, etc. The MW reactor can be applied for the rapid treatment of sludge in areas such as slums and emergency settlements.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot-scale microwave technology for sludge sanitization and drying

Mawioo

García

Hooijmans

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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“…A consortium comprising IHE Delft (formerly UNESCO-IHE) Institute for Water Education (Netherlands), Flex Design (Netherlands), and Systech.ba (Bosnia and Herzegovina) developed the eSOS Smart Toilet (further referred as 'test toilet', Figure 1), based on the novel eSOS concept (Brdjanovic et al 2015) in response to technological gaps in emergency sanitation provision. The smart emergency toilet is a key to the eSOS concept and uses a combination of sanitation, and information and communication technologies (ICT).…”

Section: Esos ® Smart Toiletmentioning

confidence: 99%

User acceptance of the eSOS® Smart Toilet in a temporary settlement in the Philippines

Zakaria

Thye

Hooijmans

et al. 2017

Water Practice and Technology

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An eSOS (emergency Sanitation Operation System) Smart Toilet experimental prototype, aimed at improving the provision of safe sanitation in emergency settings, was field tested in a temporary settlement in Tacloban City, Philippines. The design, usage, and user acceptance of the toilet were all evaluated. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through interviews and questionnaires, supported by the research-team's observations. The survey results indicated that 98% of users (both first-time users and those who tried it a few times) intended to use the toilet again. There were more features that the users liked than disliked. The in-built water supply and user-operated smart toilet features were liked, but the bad smell was disliked. User-operated smart features were an important factor in user acceptance although they were not the main incentives. Key recommendations are to improve the toilet's design to address the odor and cleanliness issues, make handwashing more convenient, and lower the height of the toilet bowl.

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“…Intelligent toilets have the capability to efficiently eliminate odors and harmful substances from waste gases, thereby ensuring the freshness and cleanliness of the indoor atmosphere. This purification system plays a significant role in reducing the transmission of bacteria, viruses, and harmful gases, leading to an enhancement in indoor atmosphere quality and promoting human health [1]. With the rapid development of technology, intelligent bathroom products have come into being.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Channel Optimization to Improve the Performance of a Liquid–Gas Ejector for an Intelligent Toilet Spray Bar

Zhou,

Zhu,

Yang

et al. 2023

Atmosphere

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Intelligent toilets can effectively remove odors and harmful substances from exhaust gases and wastewater, maintaining a fresh and clean indoor atmosphere, which is beneficial to the indoor environment and human health. Currently, research on intelligent toilets conducted by sanitary ware manufacturers is still in its early stages. Many of the intelligent toilets available on the market exhibit issues such as an excessive oscillation amplitude of the cleaning spray bar, premature breakdown of the water column, and inadequate air intake. The present study involves the analysis and redesign of a cleaning spray bar model for intelligent toilets. Additionally, several optimization schemes concerning the flow channel of the cleaning spray bar are proposed in order to enhance the performance of the liquid–air ejector. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is utilized to analyze the water flow characteristics within the cleaning spray bar of the intelligent toilet and to compare and evaluate the proposed schemes. The calculation results indicate that, for the same inlet flow rate, the optimal structure the block with a length of L = 1.5 mm and the block positioned (4). The swirl numbers of these two optimized models are 14.8% and 8.3% of the protype, respectively, while their air intake is 133% and 131% of the protype, respectively. The optimized solutions exhibited significant performance improvements when compared to the prototype. The computational results offer valuable insights for optimizing the flow characteristics of the enhanced product.

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eSOS® – emergency Sanitation Operation System

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

A pilot-scale microwave technology for sludge sanitization and drying

A pilot-scale microwave technology for sludge sanitization and drying

User acceptance of the eSOS® Smart Toilet in a temporary settlement in the Philippines

Flow Channel Optimization to Improve the Performance of a Liquid–Gas Ejector for an Intelligent Toilet Spray Bar

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