Espansione senza equalizzazione? Le disuguaglianze di accesso al dottorato di ricerca in Italia dagli anni '90 in avanti

Argentin, Gianluca; Ballarino, Gabriele; Colombo, Sabrina

doi:10.3280/sl2014-136008

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In 1985, approximately 2,000 Ph.D. titles were awarded. This yearly figure increased constantly during the 1990s (approximately 4,000 titles awarded in 2000), while an impressive expansion started from the beginning of the 2000s (Ballarino and Colombo, 2010; Argentin et al. , 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overeducation wage penalty among Ph.D. holders: an unconditional quantile regression analysis on Italian data

Gaeta

Lavadera

2022

IJM

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PurposeThe wage effect of job–education vertical mismatch (i.e. overeducation) has only recently been investigated in the case of Ph.D. holders. The existing contributions rely on ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates that allow measuring the average effect of being mismatched at the mean of the conditional wage distribution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors implement a recentered influence function (RIF) to estimate the overeducation gap along the entire hourly wage distribution and compare Ph.D. holders who are overeducated with those who are not on a specific sample of Ph.D. holders in different fields of study and European Research Council (ERC) categories. Moreover, the authors compare the overeducation gap between graduates working in the academic and non-academic sector.FindingsThe results reveal that overeducation hits the wages of those Ph.D. holders who are employed in the academic sector and in non-research and development (R&D) jobs outside of the academic sector, while no penalty exists among those who carry out R&D activities outside the academia. The size of the penalty is higher among those who are in the mid-top of the wage distribution and hold a Social Science and Humanities specialization.Practical implicationsTwo policies could reduce the probability of overeducation: (a) a reallocation of Ph.D. grants from low to high demand fields of study and (b) the diffusion of industrial over academic Ph.Ds.Originality/valueThis paper observes the heterogeneity of the overeducation penalty along the wage distribution and according to Ph.D. holders' study field and sector of employment (academic/non-academic).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overeducation wage penalty among Ph.D. holders: an unconditional quantile regression analysis on Italian data

Gaeta

Lavadera

2022

IJM

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“…Finally, it is important to remark that PhD students are a selected group of individuals, because they have reached the highest level of education in a country. Those belonging to lower social strata have endured an even more marked process of selection in comparison with students from higher social classes (Argentin et al, 2015). PhD programmes are highly selective about access, favouring adults with high parental SES, and during students' studies, given that higher participation results in highly educational experiences such as international mobility.…”

Section: Concluding Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it is well acknowledged that family background characteristics-particularly parental education-affect children's school performances and occupational prospects (Boudon, 1974;Breen & Müller, 2020;Jackson, 2013). Similarly, the expansion of PhD programmes in Italy has not been accompanied by an "equalisation", that is, by a decrease in inequalities among educational opportunities for students belonging to different social strata (Argentin et al, 2015). In this respect, highly educated parents, having specific educational resources to help their children with informed guidance through the education system (Boudon, 1974), may support PhD students' mobility and thus have a positive impact on their future professions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Italian PhD students at the borders: the relationship between family background and international mobility

Tocchioni

Petrucci

2021

Genus

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Previous literature has suggested that PhD students’ mobility has become a fundamental step during doctoral studies, both for training purposes and for creating transnational research networks. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in migration of highly educated and highly skilled Italians. Most studies concentrate on employment-related characteristics of researchers’ and scientists’ mobility, largely neglecting other topics, such as family background characteristics of those who decide to study and go abroad. Using the Istat Survey on occupational conditions of PhD holders conducted in 2014 and 2018 in Italy, along with modelling using multinomial logistic regression analyses, we aim to investigate the relationship between family background characteristics and mobility during PhD studies according to different types of international stay. Our results show that both parental education and mother’s economic activity are related to the propensity for studying abroad among PhD candidates, whereas father’s social class seems to have a lower impact on this decision. The gap in doctoral mobility among PhD students with respect to socio-economic status seems also to vary according to the different types of stay abroad. Overall, our findings intend to shed light on potential disparities related to studying abroad among PhD students and their links to family background, which may have future repercussions on students’ occupational prospects.

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“…I due diversi punti di vista possono dare risultati diversi e apparentemente contraddittori. Nel caso della qualità dell'occupazione dei laureati italiani, per esempio (Ballarino et al 2014), se ne osserva una chiara riduzione nel tempo, ma la riduzione è ancora più forte per i possessori di un diploma di maturità o di licenza media. Questo significa che i ritorni alla laurea sono diminuiti in termini assoluti, ma sono cresciuti in termini relativi, rispetto ai titoli di scuola media inferiore e superiore, presumibilmente a causa di una dinamica di spiazzamento.…”

Section: Gli Esiti Occupazionali Dei Dottori DI Ricercaunclassified

Quale università dopo il PNRR?

2022

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L’università ha ormai assunto un ruolo chiave nei processi di crescita economica, oltre che civile, dei Paesi avanzati. Le sue funzioni di formare competenze e capitale umano ad alta qualificazione, da un lato, e di produrre e far circolare nuove conoscenze, dall’altro, sono considerate cruciali nelle economie della conoscenza basate sulla capacità di innovazione. Inoltre, le università europee vengono viste anche come canali di mobilità sociale e possono essere considerate come strumenti di produzione di beni pubblici capaci di favorire l’inclusione sociale e società più giuste. Tuttavia il sistema universitario italiano – anche e soprattutto per colpe non sue ma dei vari governi che si sono succeduti e del tipo di sistema produttivo in cui si trova a operare – ha mostrato sia una bassa efficienza ed equità nel fornire capitale umano in misura adeguata a favorire una “via alta” allo sviluppo, sia una performance nella ricerca che, per quanto buona, si è rivelata insufficiente a innescare rilevanti processi di innovazione economica. È evidente che il primo passo da fare per chi voglia far recuperare all’università italiana efficienza ed equità è quello di diagnosticare con chiarezza le cause di questa performance insoddisfacente. Su una tale diagnosi si sono esercitati gli estensori del PNRR, partendo da una visione dell’università quale potenziale motore dell’innovazione e della crescita economica. Come possiamo valutare, all’interno di questa visione, le misure contenute nella Missione 4 “Istruzione e Ricerca” del PNRR? Le riforme previste e gli investimenti stanziati affrontano in modo adeguato le cause delle inefficienze e iniquità del nostro sistema universitario? In questo volume si cerca di dare qualche risposta a queste domande. Nell’Introduzione e nella Prima Parte si analizzano le principali carenze dell’università italiana nello svolgere un ruolo di motore dello sviluppo, le loro cause, nonché alcuni degli interventi previsti dalla Missione “Istruzione e ricerca” del PNRR. Nella Seconda Parte e nelle Conclusioni si discute invece criticamente l’impatto che il PNRR potrà avere su alcuni aspetti del sistema universitario, nonché alcune delle sfide che non sono state affrontate e che dunque rimangono aperte.

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Espansione senza equalizzazione? Le disuguaglianze di accesso al dottorato di ricerca in Italia dagli anni '90 in avanti

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Overeducation wage penalty among Ph.D. holders: an unconditional quantile regression analysis on Italian data

Overeducation wage penalty among Ph.D. holders: an unconditional quantile regression analysis on Italian data

Italian PhD students at the borders: the relationship between family background and international mobility

Quale università dopo il PNRR?

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