Essential and nonessential amino acid composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight, and comparison to other studies.

Mahan, D. C.; Shields, R. G.

doi:10.2527/1998.762513x

Cited by 94 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The content of essential AA in the skin is very low, and the skin (without bristles) contains <1.5% TSAA. However, bristles contain ∼13% Cys on a weight basis and more than 7% of the whole body Cys content may be found in bristles (Mahan and Shields, 1998). Calculated from the wholesale cuts (Daumas, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs

Conde-Aguilera

Cobo-Ortega

Mercier³

et al. 2014

Animal

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The factorial approach to assess the amino acid (AA) requirements of pigs is based on the assumption that the AA composition of body protein is constant. However, there are indications that this assumption may not be valid because the AA composition of body protein can be affected by the AA supply. The extent to which different tissues are affected by an AA deficiency is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding pig diets with a deficient or sufficient total sulfur AA supply (TSAA; Met + Cys) from 6 to 23 weeks of age on tissue composition and meat quality. The deficient diet (TSAA-) provided 24% Met : Lys and 51% TSAA : Lys on a standardized ileal digestible basis, which are 19% and 16% below the recommended requirements, respectively. The sufficient diet (TSAA + ) provided 33% Met : Lys and 60% TSAA : Lys. Diets were offered slightly below the ad libitum feed intake capacity of the pigs. Pigs offered diet TSAA-had a lower average daily gain, lower weights of the longissimus dorsi (LM) and rhomboideus muscles (RM), and of selected skin sections (P < 0.05). The weight of different sections of the small intestine and the liver was not affected by the diet. The protein content of the LM and RM decreased in pigs offered diet TSAA-(P < 0.05), whereas the protein content of other tissues was not affected. The TSAA supply affected the AA composition (g/16 g N) of protein in all tissues, but the Met content was changed only in the liver (P < 0.05). Pigs receiving diet TSAA-had a lower Cys content in the RM and in the distal jejunum and ileum (P < 0.01). The deficient TSAA supply resulted in a lower carcass weight and higher muscle glycogen stores (P < 0.05), but did not affect other meat quality traits. The results of this study indicate that the muscles, jejunum and ileum respond more to a prolonged AA deficiency than the liver. In addition, the observed changes in AA composition of tissue protein question the use of a constant AA profile of retained protein to assess AA requirements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs

Conde-Aguilera

Cobo-Ortega

Mercier³

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…In their study of the amino acid composition of protein gain from 8 to 21 days of age, the aforementioned authors found significantly higher levels of lysine, methionine, alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and glycine in broilers than in laying-type chickens. While the increased deposition of lysine may be explained by its higher concentration in muscle protein (Mahan and Shields, 1998), the role of nonessential amino acids is less clear. It is interesting to note that, unlike the present study, Fatufe et al (2004) reported no significant effect of genotype on threonine concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometric growth of protein, amino acids, fat and minerals in slow- and fast-growing young chickens

Zelenka¹,

Heger²,

Kráčmar³

et al. 2011

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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Allometric growth of body constituents and apparent efficiency of amino acid and nitrogen retention were examined in slow-growing laying-type cockerels (SG) and in fast-growing male broiler hybrids (FG) during the growth period from hatch to Day 22. The respective allometric coefficients for water, protein (N × 6.25), ash and fat in relation to body weight were 0.971, 1.080, 1.096 and 1.284 for SG chickens and 0.977, 1.099, 0.993, and 1.198 for FG chickens. The respective allometric coefficients describing the relationships of water, fat and ash weight with protein weight were 0.894, 1.014, and 1.186 for SG chickens and 0.893, 0.910, and 1.097 for FG chickens. High allometric coefficients for ash in both genotypes likely indicate the rapid growth of skeletal tissues which requires adequate mineral nutrition during this period of growth. The deposition of ash relative to protein was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SG chickens thus suggesting that the relative growth of ash may be affected by genotype. Allometric coefficients relating amino acids to body protein were less than unity in most cases which indicates that an increasing amount of nonprotein N is deposited in the body with advancing age. Except for cysteine, the apparent efficiency of amino acid retention was lower in SG as compared to FG chickens. The high retention efficiency of cysteine in SG genotype was likely associated with the conversion of surplus methionine to cysteine, required for feather protein synthesis in laying-type birds at an early age.

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“…However, there are some doubts concerning the validity of this hypothesis (Gahl et al, 1995). Changes in whole body amino acid composition have been related to growth rate (Kyriazakis et al, 1993;Mahan and Shields, 1998), protein and energy intake (Bikker et al, 1994) and amino acid content in the diet (van Milgen et al, 2007). According to Chung and Baker (1992b), the variation in amino acid composition of whole body protein may be due to the retention of different types of proteins that differ in amino acid composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets

Conde-Aguilera

Barea

Floc'H

et al. 2010

Animal

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Experiments carried out to determine the amino acid requirement in growing animals are often based on the premise that the amino acid composition of body protein is constant. However, there are indications that this assumption may not be correct. The objective of this study was to test the effect of feeding piglets a diet deficient or not in total sulfur amino acids (TSAA; Met 1 Cys) on nitrogen retention and amino acid composition of proteins in different body compartments. Six blocks of three pigs each were used in a combined comparative slaughter and nitrogen balance study. One piglet in each block was slaughtered at 42 days of age, whereas the other piglets received a diet deficient or not in TSAA for 19 days and were slaughtered thereafter. Two diets were formulated to provide either 0.20% Met and 0.45% TSAA (on a standardized ileal digestible basis) or 0.46% Met and 0.70% TSAA. Diets were offered approximately 25% below ad libitum intake. At slaughter, the whole animal was divided into carcass, blood, intestines, liver, and the combined head, tail, feet and other organs (HFTO), which were analyzed for nitrogen and amino acid contents. Samples of the longissimus muscle (LM) were analyzed for myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and actin contents. Nitrogen retention was 20% lower in piglets receiving the TSAA-deficient diet (P , 0.01). In these piglets, the nitrogen content in tissue gain was lower in the empty body, carcass, LM and blood (P , 0.05) or tended to be lower in HFTO (P , 0.10), but was not different in the intestines and liver. The Met content in retained protein was lower in the empty body, LM and blood (P , 0.05), and tended to be lower in the carcass (P , 0.10). The Cys content was lower in LM, but higher in blood of piglets receiving the TSAA-deficient diet (P , 0.05). Skeletal muscle appeared to be affected most by the TSAA deficiency. In LM, the Met content in retained protein was reduced by 12% and total Met retention by more than 60%. The MyHC and actin contents in LM were not affected by the TSAA content of the diet. These results show that a deficient TSAA supply affects the amino acid composition of different body proteins. This questions the use of a constant ideal amino acid profile to express dietary amino acid requirements, but also illustrates the plasticity of the animal to cope with nutritional challenges.

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Essential and nonessential amino acid composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight, and comparison to other studies.

Cited by 94 publications

References 14 publications

The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs

The amino acid composition of tissue protein is affected by the total sulfur amino acid supply in growing pigs

Allometric growth of protein, amino acids, fat and minerals in slow- and fast-growing young chickens

A sulfur amino acid deficiency changes the amino acid composition of body protein in piglets

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