Essential Aspects of Lead-Acid Batteries and Physical-Chemical and Thermodynamic Principles of its Operation

Carneiro, Rafael Luiz; Molina, Joao Henrique A.; Antoniassi, Beatriz; Magdalena, Aroldo Geraldo; Pinto, Edilson M.

doi:10.21577/1984-6835.20170057

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The most used grade for lead-acid batteries is Pb-Sb with 3.5% of Sb. Currently, the concentration has been reduced to 1.8%, with the developing of calcium–calcium lead-acid batteries or it is been substituted by antimony-free calcium–calcium lead-acid batteries [34,35]. In some application of lead alloys, antimony has also been replaced for other material like cable covering change for aluminium or organic polymers, bearings change for stainless steels or polymers [34].…”

Section: Less Common Residual Elements (Sb W Co Mo Ni)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of less-common residual elements in scrap feeds for EAF steelmaking

Miranda

Assis

Brooks

et al. 2019

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

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The steel scrap quality is classified according to the amount of residual elements. However, there is a limited analysis of some of the less common residual elements such as antimony (Sb), tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) mixed with steel scrap received by steel plants. This paper reports a historical analysis of these elements in the steel compositions from two steel plants, located in different regions, during 2011 to 2018, analysing around 21000 heats. The concentration of W and Sb dropped by 0.002%, due to the increasing recovery of non-ferrous metals from mixed scrap. It was found that the calibration and maintenance of the spectrometer used to analysis had a direct impact on the results. The presence of Sb, W and Co in the steel indicates contamination from other materials, since 80% of the use of these elements is in applications associated with non-ferrous materials. This is the first analysis of these elements in steel scrap reported the literature and the conclusion of the study is that more attention should be paid to monitor less common residuals elements, because analysis of these elements can provide information about the quality of the metal scrap.

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Section: Less Common Residual Elements (Sb W Co Mo Ni)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of less-common residual elements in scrap feeds for EAF steelmaking

Miranda

Assis

Brooks

et al. 2019

Ironmaking & Steelmaking

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A primeira pilha foi desenvolvida em 1800 pelo cientista italiano Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Volta [42]. Desde então, para atender à crescente demanda por armazenamento de energia, já houve grande evolução dessa tecnologia, bem como das baterias, que atingem capacidade cada vez maior [40].…”

Section: Principais Tipos De Bateriasunclassified

“…Entre as placas são colocadas folhas de material isolante como polímeros ou fibra de vidro afim de evitar a ocorrência de curto-circuito [45]. Ao submergir as placas na solução citada, é gerada uma tensão próxima de 2,1 V. Com a conexão de um circuito elétrico, surge uma corrente elétrica e após a descarga os elementos podem retornar às condições iniciais mediante uma recarga que impõe circulação de corrente no sentido contrário ao da descarga [42]. Barramento positivo:…”

Section: Bateria De Chumbo-ácidounclassified