Essential Infantile Esotropia: Potential Pathogenetic Role of Extended Subcortical Neuroplasticity

Brodsky, Michael C.

doi:10.1167/iovs.18-23780

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Many affected children may have abnormal pursuit movement and asymmetry of the monocular optokinetic response, presenting as a congenital deficiency of binocular single vision which could be probably caused by a defect in sensory fusion mechanism or by defect in motor fusion mechanism. A recent study shows that IE is caused by perturbation of binocularity development in the striate cortex within the early 3 months of life, which results in re-activation of monocularly driven subcortical optokinetic pathways that allow an early subcortical nasalward optokinetic bias to drive the eyes into inward position ( Brodsky, 2018 ). However, the pathogenesis of IE is still not clear in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal developmental trends of functional connectivity in young children with infantile esotropia

Guo

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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Previous studies have shown that functional networks are present at birth and change dynamically throughout infancy and early childhood. However, the status of functional connectivity is still poorly understood in patients with infantile esotropia (IE). The aim of this study is to investigate the developmental trends of functional connectivity in patients with IE during a critical period of growth and development. A total of 17 patients with IE (9 males and 8 females; mean age: 3.36 ± 2.03 years, age range: 0.67–6.36 years) and 20 healthy subjects matched for age and gender were recruited and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. The whole-brain functional network connectivity was analyzed for the IE group and healthy control group. A general linear model was applied to assess the group-age interaction in terms of the functional connectivity. The discrepancy between the two groups in functional connectivity trajectories was also quantified across age and exhibited by the quadratic parabolic model. There were significant group-age interactions between the visual network and the default mode network, the visual network and the sensorimotor network, the limbic network and the default mode network, and within the limbic network in the functional connectivity. A U-shaped tendency across age, with an “inflection point” ranging from 3.1 to 4.0 years of age was exhibited in the difference between functional connectivity trajectories of the IE patients and normal controls. Abnormality in functional network connectivity could present in IE patients at birth, exhibiting aberrant developmental patterns over time. An abnormal functional network could reduce the ability of the cortex in visual information processing, further reactivating the subcortical visual information processing system, which is probably the pathogenesis of IE. Three to four years after birth is the critical time window for children with IE to establish normal network connections in the brain. Early surgery during this period may be helpful for affected children to have an opportunity to approach the normal development trajectory as early as possible.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal developmental trends of functional connectivity in young children with infantile esotropia

Guo

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Neurodevelopmental disorders may result in abnormal innervation of individual extraocular muscles by the central nervous system, which eventually manifests as strabismus. 6 Infantile Esotropia and Perinatal Risk Factors -Huang et al…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because we excluded children with neurodevelopmental disorders from this study, it is likely that we simultaneously excluded individuals with accompanying infantile esotropia, which may explain why we did not observe an association between very to moderate preterm birth (<34 weeks) and infantile esotropia. Neurodevelopmental disorders may result in abnormal innervation of individual extraocular muscles by the central nervous system, which eventually manifests as strabismus 6 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 The etiology of infantile esotropia is still unknown, but mutations or perturbations that prolong subcortical neuroplasticity may be a potential cause. 6 Perinatal risk factors associated with infantile esotropia include preterm birth, low birth weight, low Apgar scores, gestational complications, and use of supplemental oxygen as a neonate. 3,7,8 China had the second highest number of preterm births worldwide in 2010.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

et al. 2022

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SIGNIFICANCE:This study investigated the potential perinatal risk factors associated with infantile esotropia in a Chinese population, including advanced parental age at childbirth and mode of delivery. The findings may be significant in developing better intervention strategies for infantile esotropia.PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the associations between gestational age, birth weight, parental age at childbirth, mode of delivery, family history of strabismus, and infantile esotropia in the Chinese population.METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with infantile esotropia and 117 control subjects were enrolled between March 2018 and March 2021. Detailed questionnaires were administered to parents to collect relevant information. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify possible risk factors of infantile esotropia. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS:Infantile esotropia was associated with low birth weight (<2500 g; OR, 4.235; 95% CI, 1.460 to 12.287; P = .008) and emergency cesarean delivery (OR, 2.230; 95% CI, 1.127 to 4.413; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS:The findings suggest that low birth weight and emergency cesarean deliveries are risk factors for infantile esotropia, highlighting a need for collaborative care between obstetricians, pediatricians, and vision care providers.

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“…This type of strabismus in an individual with Down syndrome may alternatively be diagnosed as a non-accommodative esotropia, as done by Habot-Wilner et al (2006). It could, however, be argued that some neurological impairments may cause infantile esotropia, and that the two diagnoses are not mutually exclusive ( Costenbader 1961;von Noorden 1988;Charles & Moore 1992;Simonsz & Kolling 2011), or that infantile esotropia itself is a neurological disorder (Brodsky 2018). Other authors (Ruttum et al 2004;Motley et al 2012) however gave no classification of esotropia in their study group, particularly problematic for Ruttum et al (2004) as they compared their results to two studies, one exclusively concerning infantile esotropia, the other one acquired esotropia.…”

Section: Participant Demographicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strabismus Surgery for Esotropia, Down Syndrome and Developmental Delay; Is an Altered Surgical Dose Required? A Literature Review

Harrison¹,

Allen²,

O’Connor

2020

British and Irish Orthoptic Journal

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Background and Purpose: There is a high rate of strabismus, in particular esotropia, in children with Down syndrome or developmental delay, which frequently requires surgical correction. A paper in 1994 advocated that the surgical dose be adjusted due to an altered response in these children. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the available evidence to establish whether an altered surgical approach is required in either population. Methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Web of Knowledge. Only English language papers were eligible for inclusion. The papers were collated in chronological order for analysis, and their references searched for further relevant papers. Forward citation searches were also undertaken. Results: A 2 × 2 comparison is made between publications on Down syndrome (in isolation) and developmental delay populations (including Down syndrome) with adjusted versus non-adjusted surgery. Published surgical success rates on esotropia from unaltered surgical doses range from 62.0%-85.7% (four papers) in the Down syndrome cohort, with none of the adjusted surgeries having a successful outcome. Surgical success rates from adjusted surgical doses in developmental delay cohort range from 37.5%-86.0% (seven papers), with one unadjusted surgical success rate of 76.0%. The results across the studies are summarised in a table and discussed. Conclusions: An exaggerated surgical effect in individuals with developmental delay has been reported, and this population may benefit from a reduced surgical dose. Published research does not support giving a reduced surgical dose in individuals with Down syndrome, but more research needs to be done to make a definitive conclusion.

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Essential Infantile Esotropia: Potential Pathogenetic Role of Extended Subcortical Neuroplasticity

Cited by 9 publications

References 32 publications

Abnormal developmental trends of functional connectivity in young children with infantile esotropia

Abnormal developmental trends of functional connectivity in young children with infantile esotropia

Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

Strabismus Surgery for Esotropia, Down Syndrome and Developmental Delay; Is an Altered Surgical Dose Required? A Literature Review

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