Essential Oil Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activities in Iberis amara L.

Abstract

This research was carried out to assess essential oils (EOs), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFD), total flavonols (TFL), total chlorophyll, total carotenoids, total anthocyanins, and different antioxidant activity assays in two plant samples (leaf and bud) of Iberis amara L. The gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) of the EOs and the head space (HS)-GC-MS of the methanolic leaf extracts identified 34 and 6 different compounds, respectively. The major components of the leaf EOs were carvacrol (9.4%), camphene (6.2%), р-cymene (4.3%), and eugenol (3.8%) respectively, whereas cumin aldehyde (10.4%) was the main component in the bud sample. 1-Butene, 4-isothiocyanate (50%) was identified as the main component in the HS-GC-MS analysis of leaves extract. The highest content of TPC (32.8 ± 0.7 mg GAE/gDW), TFD (28.4 ± 0.7 mg QE/gDW), TFL (11.8 ± 0.06 mg QE/gFW), and anthocyanin (0.4 ±0.02 µmol/g FW) was found in the methanolic extract of leaves. The highest antioxidant activity in the phosphomolibdate assay (628.3 ± 10 µg AAE/gFW) and the least activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay (IC50 = 415 ± 3.1 µg/mL) was found in leaf samples. The high ratio of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes of the EOs along with the high antioxidant activity propose the application of this medicinal plant for general or specific applications in food industries as a herbal plant.

Enhancement Production of Phenolic Compounds in The Cell Suspension Culture of Iberis Amara L.: The Effect of Chitosan Elicitation

“…Additionally, other negative effects of chitosan in higher concentrations may be related to damaged cell division and cell membrane (Rikiishi et al 2008). Likewise, higher concentrations of chitosan in sa ower reduced the callus fresh weight (Golkar et al 2019) and Plantago ovata, respectively. Thereby, 50 mg L − 1 chitosan was determined as the most favorable concentration for maintaining the cell fresh weight in I. amara.…”

“…This medicinal herb is also well-known bene cial for restoring health from bronchitis, asthma, and cardiac hypertrophy (Liu et al 2020). A phytomedicine (i.e., Iberogast®) has recently been provided from the I. amara herb extract and applied to relieve the symptoms of gastrointestinal disturbances related to irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia (Golkar and Moattar 2019). Such a therapeutic value has been attributed to the presence of some natural products that are available in the aerial part of medicinal herbs.…”

“…Such a therapeutic value has been attributed to the presence of some natural products that are available in the aerial part of medicinal herbs. I. amara has a large pool of bioactive ingredients including triterpenes, glucosinolates (Weidner et al 2016), amines, avonoids, anthocyanins, avones, and phenolic acids (Golkar and Moattar 2019). There are some reports on its use in traditional medicine as an anti-cancer (Weidner et al 2016), anti-in ammatory (Khayyal et al 2015), antioxidant and antimicrobial plant (Schempp et al 2003).…”

Algae Essential Oils: Chemistry, Ecology, and Biological Activities

“…The essential oils of different plants exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. They show antibacterial activities attributed, in some cases, to the presence of phenolic compounds [8]. The literature reports also the excellent antioxidant [9], anti-inflammatory [10], and cancer chemoprotective activities [11].…”

Tailored Functionalization of Natural Phenols to Improve Biological Activity

“…In view of their importance, studies were aimed at breeding plants able to increase the content of bioactive phenols [ 23 ]. The research in the field continues, and more and more plants are investigated for their phenolic content and related bioactivity [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The antioxidant activity of natural phenols has been related to their scavenger ability towards free radicals [ 42 ].…”