Essential Oil Composition of Ajuga parviflora Benth. Growing in Western Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand (India)

Javed

et al. 2018

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate the phytogenic chemical compounds and assess their antibacterial and antioxidant activity of essential oil of Ajuga parviflora Benth. growing in the Himalayan region. Methods:In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of essential oil were isolated by steam distillation and screened by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis from A. parviflora is rich in oxygenated monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids. The essential oil was further evaluated for their antibacterial by well-diffusion method and antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay at various concentrations. Results:The major chemical constituents were α-cadinol (21.36%), α-muurolol (14.2%), cubebol (12.76%), germacrene D-4-ol (9.6%), germacrene D (4.32%), farnesyl acetate (3.58%), longifolol acetate (2.76%), and β-bourbonene (2.35 %) whereas monoterpenoids were minor constituents. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) shown by essential oil against test bacterial strains at concentration of 500 µg/ml to Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.6 mm), Escherichia coli (5 mm), Salmonella typhimurium (8.6 mm), and Proteus vulgaris (10.7 mm) and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (8.3 mm). At the same time, ZOI of standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin against test bacterial strains was P. aeruginosa (9.6 mm), E. coli (14.3mm), S. typhimurium (19.3 mm), P. vulgaris (17.8 mm), and B. subtilis (20.6 mm), respectively. The free radical scavenging property of A. parviflora employed by in vitro assay methods like scavenging activity of DPPH was 81% at 500 µg/ml concentrations, respectively. Conclusion:Our study showed that α-cadinol, α-muurolol, and cubebol as the major components in this oil which was absent in previous findings of A. parviflora and essential oil had potent antibacterial and antioxidant activity, respectively.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition, in Vitro Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil From Leaves of Ajuga Parviflora Benth

Javed

et al. 2018

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

“…Contrarily, the essential oils of A. orientalis from Iran were found to be rich in germacrene D (24.2%), β-cubebene (18.3%), and β-caryophyllene (16.9%) [ 52 ]. More recently, the chemical composition of the essential oil of A. parviflora from India has been described with β-caryophyllene (22.4%), γ-muurolene (12.7%), γ-terpinene (6.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.2%) and α-humulene (5.8%) were the main components [ 53 ]. It appears therefore that the differences in chemical components of AIVO would be attributed to the fact that aromatic plants metabolize volatile compounds by genetic profiles, planting area, and environmental factors [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves of Ajuga Iva

Ammar

Touihri²,

Kholif

et al. 2022

Molecules

The main objective of this research was to study the biological characteristics in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Ajuga iva and determine the best analytical and extraction methods applicable to this specie and studied compounds. A short screening of its nutritional value in terms of chemical composition is also included. A. iva leaves were analyzed for crude protein (CP), cell wall [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL)], minerals, fatty acids, essential oils, and phenolic compounds. Mature aerial parts of A. iva were randomly collected during the Spring season from Mograne-Zaghouan, Tunisia. Leaves of A. iva contained 13.4 ± 0.4% CP, 26.3 ± 0.35% NDF, 20.2 ± 0.42% ADF, and 5.13 ± 0.21% ADL. Mineral content (13.0 ± 0.45%) was mainly composed of potassium (4.5% g DM) and magnesium (4.25% DM). Leaves of A. iva had linolenic (26.29 ± 0.760%) and linoleic (37.66 ± 2.35%) acids as the main components of the acid profile. Thymol was found to be the most dominant (23.43%) essential oil, followed by 4-vinylguaiacol (14.27%) and linalool (13.66%). HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis pointed out the presence of phytoecdysteroids. Phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as glycosylated derivatives of naringenin, eriodyctiol, and apigenin, were detected in the methanol extract of A. iva leaves. Our results underline the importance of choosing proper extraction methods and solvents to extract and characterize the described compounds profile of A. iva leaves. Results also show A. iva leaves as a potential source of functional ingredients with beneficial health-promoting properties. Overall, leaves of A. iva have low biological activities (antioxidant and antimicrobial activities) with a chemical composition suitable as a feed for ruminants in rangeland pasture. It also has low-grade antibacterial or medicinal characteristics when fed to ruminants.

“…Philip S. Beauchamp and Albert T. Bottini [19] reported isolation of neo-clerodane diterpenoids, deoxyajugarin-I, ajugarin-I chlorohydrin, and 3β-acetoxy-clerodinin C, from Ajuga parviflora. Essential oil of Ajuga parviflora contain α-humulene, δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, γ-muurolene, γterpinene, α-amorphene and β-selinen [20] different types of quinoles are also isolated [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Ajuga parviflora Benth and Digera muricata Leaf extract: Their Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity

Mehdi¹,

Rehman²,

Abid³

et al. 2020

Rev. Chim.

The aim of the present study is to search out nontoxic silver nanoparticles synthesized from the leaf extract of two plants Ajuga parviflora Benth and Digera muricata for antimicrobial activity. The plants used in this investigation are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, protein, amino acids, carbohydrate, quninones, phenols and tannins. The formation of nanoparticles were confirmed by UV/Visible spectroscopy, peaks at 423nm for Ajuga parviflora Benth and 408nm for Digera muricata. The morphology of the silver nanoparticles was established through state of the art spectroscopic tools. SEM analysis reveals average size of AgNPs 18 nm for Digera muricata and 22 nm for Ajuga parviflora Benth respectively while transmission electron microscopy confirms that AgNPs are spherical in shape. The synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results suggest that the silver nanoparticles have promising activity against all the bacterial strains and can be used an effective bactericides.