“…Emerging evidence demonstrates that elevated endogenous BDNF is also required for the maintenance of high frequency stimulation-associated late-phase hippocampal LTP (Lu et al, 2008), suggesting that BDNF levels are low under normal conditions and are elevated by stimuli that enhance hippocampal activity. In this context, chronic methamphetamine exposure enhances baseline hippocampal CA1 activity, increases excitability of dentate gyrus neurons, and increases paired pulse facilitation, and these alterations result in occlusion of hippocampal LTP development (Criado et al, 2000, Onaivi et al, 2002, Ishikawa et al, 2005, Hori et al, 2010, Swant et al, 2010, North et al, 2013). Therefore, it can be hypothesized that methamphetamine induces the same neurobiological changes in the hippocampus that are required for generation and maintenance of hippocampal synaptic activity and additional activation as a consequence of tetanic stimulations in the hippocampus of methamphetamine experienced animals may not produce LTP (Hope, 1998, Schulz et al, 1999, Onaivi et al, 2002).…”